Using a large sample of 10,668 small-and medium-sized private Chinese enterprises over the 2006-2014 period, this study investigates the effect of the social class background of entrepreneurs on firm corporate environmental responsibility (CER) activities. The research question is developed using the concepts of imprinting theory. We measure the social class background of entrepreneurs as the level of occupational prestige held by the individual prior to starting a business. Results show that entrepreneurs drawn from the upper and lower social classes show a preference for the pursuit of environmental governance investment strategies. Moderating influences based on political capital and institutional environment are also explored. The theory and findings highlight that the social class background of entrepreneurs has a lasting and varying impact on the CER activities of a firm. The results are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests. The study extends our understanding of how and why enterprise CER behaviour varies, particularly in the context of Chinese private firms, and offers important implications for the task of sustainable development by enterprises.
This article explores the effects of time pressure through an experiment together with a pre-trip online survey. Through 405 samples, the results show that under time pressure, individuals prefer products or services with strong sensory stimulation in all five senses (i.e., gustatory, haptic, auditory, visual, and olfactory). Different from sensation seeking, sensory consumption is to measure preference for a certain sensory attribute of the same product. And salient motivation (i.e., desire for sensory contact) plays a mediating role in the effect of time pressure on strong sensory consumption.These findings provide insight into five sensory levels of consumer experience and put forward specific management implications for destinations.
Practical ApplicationsTime pressure is a common subjective experience in our daily life. To find out what kind of product or service individuals may prefer under time pressure is very necessary. Our findings are particularly concerned with sensory consumption in tourism scenarios. Given that individuals prefer strong sensory stimulation under time pressure, marketers should formulate appropriate sensory intensity to meet individuals' psychological needs. For example, in tourism scenarios, some limited-time tourism projects could increase more strong sensory experience, and crowding attractions should be placed more strong sensory stimulations. And for travel software, 1-day travel routes should be arranged with more strong sensory experience. This article, especially for the sensory consumption design of tourist destinations, provides practical guidance related to epidemics, busyness, and crowded attractions.
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