In top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes (TWOLEDs), it is usually difficult to realize a good chromaticity due to the strong suppression on the blue emission induced by the microcavity effect. In our work, the blue emission layer (EML) is located near the hole transport layer and the reflective anode to strengthen the wide-angle interference on the blue emission and enhance the output of light. Then we utilize the dual blue EMLs based on an electron-rich heterojunction to constrain most of the excitons in the blue EMLs. With the above two strategies, the intensity of the blue emission is significantly enhanced accompanying the chromaticity improvement in white emission. Some key factors including exciton distribution, energy transfer, and carrier trapping are analyzed to design the structure of the EMLs to acquire the pure and stable white emission. The excellent color stability with a Commission International de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinate drift of only (0.009, 0.001) in the luminance range of 10-10(4) cd/m(2) is obtained in our optimized TWOLED. The TWOLED also shows the high performances with a maximum luminance of 15360 cd/m(2), the CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.41), and a current efficiency of 13.3 cd/A.
Wide-angle interference (WI) and multi-beam interference (MI) in microcavity are analyzed separately to improve chromaticity and efficiency of the top-emitting white organic light-emitting diodes (TWOLEDs). A classic electromagnetic theory is used to calculate the resonance intensities of WI and MI in top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TOLEDs) with influence factors (e.g., electrodes and exciton locations) being considered. The role of WI on the performances of TOLEDs is revealed through using δ-doping technology and comparing blue and red EML positions in top-emitting and bottom-emitting devices. The blue light intensity significantly increases and the chromaticity of TWOLEDs is further improved with the use of enhanced WI (the blue emitting layer moving towards the reflective electrode) in the case of a weak MI. In addition, the effect of the thicknesses of light output layer and carrier transport layers on WI and MI are also investigated. Apart from the microcavity effect, other factors, e.g., carrier balance and carrier recombination regions are considered to obtain TWOLEDs with high efficiency and improved chromaticity near white light equal-energy point.
Flexible warm-white top-emitting organic light-emitting devices (TEOLEDs) are fabricated onto PET substrates with a simple semi-transparent cathode Sm/Ag and two-color phosphors respectively doped into a single host material TCTA. By adjusting the relative position of the orange-red EML sandwiched between the blue emitting layers, the optimized device exhibits the highest power/current efficiency of 8.07 lm/W and near 13 cd/A, with a correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4105 K and a color rendering index (CRI) of 70. In addition, a moderate chromaticity variation of (-0.025, +0.008) around warm white illumination coordinates (0.45, 0.44) is obtained over a large luminance range of 1000 to 10000 cd/m2. The emission mechanism is discussed via delta-doping method and single-carrier device, which is summarized that the carrier trapping, the exciton quenching, the mobility change and the recombination zone alteration are negative to color stability while the energy transfer process and the blue/red/blue sandwiched structure are contributed to the color stability in our flexible white TEOLEDs.
In this paper we report on a high-contrast top-emitting organic light-emitting device utilizing a moderate-reflection contrast-enhancement stack and a high refractive index anti-reflection layer. The contrast-enhancement stack consists of a thin metal anode layer, a dielectric bilayer, and a thick metal underlayer. The resulting device, with the optimized contrast-enhancement stack thicknesses of Ni (30 nm)/MgF2 (62 nm)/ZnS (16 nm)/Ni (20 nm) and the 25-nm-thick ZnS anti-reflection layer, achieves a luminous reflectance of 4.01% in the visible region and a maximum current efficiency of 0.99 cd/A (at 62.3 mA/cm2) together with a very stable chromaticity. The contrast ratio reaches 561:1 at an on-state brightness of 1000 cd/m2 under an ambient illumination of 140 lx. In addition, the anti-reflection layer can also enhance the transmissivity of the cathode and improve light out-coupling by the effective restraint of microcavity effects.
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