There exists, worldwide, a strong incentive for the development of efficient processes that permit the recovery of CI2 from HC1 waste byproducts, to avoid the need for disposal of this toxic and corrosive material. In this paper we will describe such a process that has been developed by our group and which is currently being tested at the pilot plant scale. The process uses a salt mixture impregnated on a high surface area support alternately chlorinated and oxidized in two fluidized-bed reactors in series. The process development included basic studies of the mechanism of the HC1 oxidation reaction over a broad range of temperatures (25-400 °C) and pressures (10-5 Torr, 1 atm). This paper will present an overview of the results of these studies. On the basis of these investigations, a preliminary economic evaluation was completed and a pilot-plant-scale unit was designed and constructed.

Summary The objective of this work was to explore the dynamic imbibition effect of a surfactant solution in the microcracks of a reservoir at high temperature (83.3°C) and low permeability (2 × 10−3 µm2), as well as the relative influencing factors. This study considered Fuyu Reservoir of the Toutai Oil Field in Daqing, China, which has high-temperature and low-permeability characteristics, as a research platform. First, the optimal surfactant type and concentration were selected by evaluating the imbibition recovery through a study of the adhesion-work-reduction factor and the ratio of the capillary force and gravity (NB−1), under the conditions of a spontaneous-imbibition experiment. Then, through a dynamic imbibition experiment, this study investigated the effects of the injection velocity, wettability, and saturation of the matrix on the dynamic imbibition recovery. Both the experimental results and practical application showed that the surfactant could effectively improve the imbibition recovery. However, in the process of choosing a surfactant, one must consider the influence of interfacial tension (IFT) on the capillary force when reducing the adhesion work to improve the displacement efficiency. A suitable injection velocity should be chosen to take full advantage of the ability of the capillary force to “absorb water and discharge oil,” as well as the “displacement function” of the viscous force and “improved wettability” provided by the surfactant, to obtain a higher imbibition recovery. Enhancing the water-wet state of matrix blocks can help to improve the seepage flow between the matrix and microcracks, which assists in increasing the imbibition recovery. Thus, a surfactant with an appropriate concentration or other chemical agents can be selected to enhance the water-wet state of matrix blocks. When a surfactant solution is used to develop a similar reservoir, earlier imbibition construction assists the capillary force to provide the function of “absorbing water and discharging oil,” which is helpful to enhance the imbibition recovery. The practical application of a surfactant solution in Well M38-S64 in the Mao 8 area showed that adding a surfactant to a water solution assists in improving the imbibition recovery.

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), as a clean and green oxidant, is widely used in many fields. The direct synthesis of H2O2 (DSHP) from H2 and O2 has attracted most research interest because it relates to a facile, environmentally friendly, and economic process. Yolk–shell Pd-M@HCS (hollow carbon sphere) (M = Co, Ni, Cu) nanocatalysts, in which the bimetal nanoparticle is the core and porous carbon works as the shell layer, are reported in this work. It was found that catalytic activities were enhanced because of the introduced M metals. Additionally, the different mass ratios of Pd to Co (mPd/mCo) were further investigated to improve the catalytic performance for the DSHP. When mPd/mCo was 4.4, the prepared Pd-Co@HCS-(4.4) catalyst, with an average Pd nanoparticle size of 7.30 nm, provided the highest H2O2 selectivity of 87% and H2O2 productivity of 1996 mmolgPd−1·h−1, which were increased by 24% and 253%, respectively, compared to Pd@HCS.

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A series of activated carbon were prepared, modified, and characterized by FTIR, Boehm titration, and N 2 adsorption/ desorption isotherms. Adsorption breakthrough experiments of CH 4 through low-concentration coal bed methane (CBM) were carried out for measuring adsorption capacities (Q m ) of adsorbents toward CH 4 at 293 K. Adsorption isotherms of CH 4 , N 2 , and O 2 were measured between 25 mm Hg and 760 mm Hg at 293 K and fitted by Langmuir model to calculate separation coefficient of CH 4 against N 2 and O 2 (α CH 4 /N 2 and α CH 4 /O 2 ). Results show that CH 4 adsorption occurs mainly at the micropore of activate carbon, and the surface basic group of activate carbon can strengthen its adsorption ability toward CH 4 . Adsorption capacities of CH 4 on modified AC are higher than that on original AC. The adsorbent KCl/AC has the largest micropore volume and more amount of basic group and this makes it the largest uptake of CH 4 (7.89 mL/g) at 293 K and 1 atm; it is 38.9% higher than that of original AC (5.68 mL/g). Separation coefficient of α CH 4 /N 2 on KCl/AC is 5.33, compared to 3.85 for AC; it is 38.4% higher than that of the original AC.