This paper proposed an intelligent diagnosis method for a centrifugal pump system using statistic filter, support vector machine (SVM), possibility theory, and Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) on the basis of the vibration signals, to diagnose frequent faults in the centrifugal pump at an early stage, such as cavitation, impeller unbalance, and shaft misalignment. Firstly, statistic filter is used to extract the feature signals of pump faults from the measured vibration signals across an optimum frequency region, and nondimensional symptom parameters (NSPs) are defined to represent the feature signals for distinguishing fault types. Secondly, the optimal classification hyperplane for distinguishing two states is obtained by SVM and NSPs, and its function is defined as synthetic symptom parameter (SSP) in order to increase the diagnosis’ sensitivity. Finally, the possibility functions of the SSP are used to construct a sequential fuzzy diagnosis for fault detection and fault-type identification by possibility theory and DST. The proposed method has been applied to detect the faults of the centrifugal pump, and the efficiency of the method has been verified using practical examples.
This paper analyses the contents and species distributions of rare earth elements (REEs) in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section of the Yellow River, China, with known anthropogenic REE input from industrial discharges. The major forms of REEs were suspended and dissolved in the mainstream and the tributaries of the Baotou section, respectively. The concentrations of the dissolved and suspended REEs had the same trends in the overlying water along the mainstream, which increased from the Seqi section (site A) to the mouth of the Sidaosha River (site D), reaching a maximum value at site D, and tending to decrease thereafter. The contents of REEs in sediment cores showed enrichment with light rare earth elements (LREEs). The bound to carbonates and to Fe-Mn oxides are the major forms of REE in the secondary phase and the REE exhibited LREE enrichment pattern and moderate Eu depletion in suspended particulates and surface sediments. The contents and species distributions of REEs in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section suggest that the anthropogenic source of REEs from Baotou city have enhanced REE accumulation to the Baotou section. This information is important for predicting possible pollution resulting from anthropogenic REE input into rivers.
Distribution of AVS (acid volatile sulfide)-SEM (simultaneously extracted metals), transformation mechanism and risk assessment of heavy metals in the Nanhai Lake in Baotou City were discussed in this work. The results showed that the content of heavy metals in sediments increased due to the water pumped from the Yellow River, domestic sewage, municipal runoff and yacht waste release. Increasing water depth, domestic sewage influx and hydrophyte booming made the AVS level higher in downstream than upstream. The vertical distribution of AVS is characterized as multiple-peak in the sediment cores from the studied lake. Comparatively, the control abilities of the carbonate and sulfate to the heavy metals were five orders of magnitude lower than the sulfide phase. Therefore, AVS was the key factor controlling the precipitation of heavy metals in the Nanhai Lake. The ratio of SEM/AVS in the sediments, the acute sediment quality criteria and the chronic sediment quality criteria indicated that no acute toxicity for benthic organisms can be expected, and the AVS plays an important role in controlling the bioavailability and toxicity of heavy metals in the Nanhai Lake.
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