a b s t r a c tIn 2005, the IPCC SRCCS recognized the large potential for developing and scaling up a wide range of emerging CO 2 capture technologies that promised to deliver lower energy penalties and cost. These included new energy conversion technologies such as chemical looping and novel capture systems based on the use of solid sorbents or membrane-based separation systems. In the last 10 years, a substantial body of scientific and technical literature on these topics has been produced from a large number of R&D projects worldwide, trying to demonstrate these concepts at increasing pilot scales, test and model the performance of key components at bench scale, investigate and develop improved functional materials, optimize the full process schemes with a view to a wide range of industrial applications, and to carry out more rigorous cost studies etc. This paper presents a general and critical review of the state of the art of these emerging CO 2 capture technologies paying special attention to specific process routes that have undergone a substantial increase in technical readiness level toward the large scales required by any CO 2 capture system.

IL-1beta and IL-6 produced as part of the host response represent sensitive markers of sickness behaviour in humans with acute infection. Further work is needed to systematically characterize the spectrum and natural history of sickness behaviour in humans and to elucidate its biological basis.

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Under an extremely arid condition, a PVC greenhouse was built on the top of Mogao Grottoes in gobi area. The results of 235-day constant extraction of condensed water on the greenhouse film and soil water content showed that 2.1 g/(m 2 ⋅d) groundwater moved up and exported into the soil, and a phreatic water evaporation existed in the extreme dry area where the groundwater is buried deeper than 200 m. After a prolonged export, the soil water content in the greenhouse was not lower but obviously higher than the original control ones. According to the monitored parameters including relative humidity and absolute humidity of soil, and temperature outside and inside the greenhouse, it was found that there is the available condition and mechanism for the upward movement of groundwater, and also it can be sure that the exported water was not from the soil and atmosphere outside the greenhouse. Phreatic water, an important source for soil water, interacts with atmosphere moisture via soil respiration. Soil salinity also has important effects on soil water movement and spatial-temporal heterogeneity. The extremely dry climate, terrestrial heat and change of upper soil temperature are the fundamental driving forces of water transportation and phreatic water evaporation in the Groundwater-Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (GSPAC) system.

Core Ideas Precipitation may increase deeply buried phreatic evaporation (PE). Soil‐water hysteresis leads to this phenomenon. This study reveals the mechanism of the effect of precipitation pulses on PE. Past research has shown that evaporation of deeply buried phreatic water occurs in extra‐arid areas where the soil surface is very dry. A dry surface layer can suppress the evaporation of capillary water, but it is not clear whether it suppresses deeply buried phreatic evaporation (PE). We deduced that the PE could be suppressed by a dry surface soil. Therefore, as the soil‐water content increases during a precipitation pulse, this can lead to an increase in PE. To investigate the effects of precipitation pulses on PE, a simulated 10‐mm precipitation recycling experiment using a shed–air‐conditioning condensation method was performed on Gobi Desert land at the top of the Mogao Grottoes in 2011 to 2015. The results show that after the 10 mm of precipitation was completely recycled, the PE increased by 28.9% compared with the control during the following 3 yr. In addition, the soil moisture increased in the 10‐ to 20‐cm layer for a long time. We hypothesize that this is a soil‐water hysteresis phenomenon, which is important for the observed differences in the evaporation rate, and it is apparent that the higher water content in the shallow layer is conducive to PE entering into the atmosphere. This preliminary study reveals the effect of precipitation pulses on deeply buried PE; this hysteresis phenomenon must be analyzed in further studies.