Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory infection in young children. Nearly all individuals become infected in their early childhood, and reinfections with RSV are common throughout life. Primary infection with RSV is usually involved in the symptom of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in the lower respiratory tract, which accounts for over 3 million hospitalizations and approximately 66,000 deaths annually worldwide. Despite the widespread prevalence and high morbidity and lethality rates of diseases caused by RSV infection, there is currently no licensed RSV vaccine. During RSV infection, innate immunity plays the first line of defense to suppress RSV infection and replication. However, RSV has evolved multiple mechanisms to evade the host’s innate immune responses to gain a window of opportunity for efficient viral replication. This review discusses the comprehensive interaction between RSV infection and the host antiviral innate immunity and updates recent findings on how RSV modulates the host innate immune response for survival, which may provide novel insights to find potent drug targets and vaccines against RSV.
This study aims to assess whether the cleft nucleus lymphocytosis could be an early promising clue for the diagnosis of pertussis in young infants. Pertussis (whooping cough) is a severe respiratory disease mainly caused by Bordetella pertussis infection and is characterized by a significant rise in the number of leukocyte and lymphocyte in infants and young children. In this study, the Bordetella pertussis DNA was detected from samples of pharyngeal swab by PCR assay. Levels of serum specific IgM against other respiratory pathogens were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay. The routine blood test including numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and platelets etc. were tested by automatic hemocyte analyzer (Sysemx XN1000). Besides, the morphology of leucocytes was observed in peripheral blood smear with microscope by Wright-Giemsa stain. Three cases of pertussis with cleft nucleus lymphocytes in young infants were discussed in in the neonatal/pediatric intensive care unit in our hospital. Leukocytosis characterized by lymphocytes, as well as thrombocytosis were observed in all patients. Our results demonstrated that cleft nucleus lymphocytosis accompanied with leukocytosis and lymphocytes would be potent assistant indicators for the early diagnosis of pertussis in young children.
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