In order to decrease the sensitivity and broaden the application of PETN, PETN/TKX-50 co-crystal with high energy and low sensitivity was prepared through the solvent/non-solvent method.
A cocrystal explosive comprising 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and 1-methyl-2,4,5-trinitroimidazole (MTNI) (molar ratio, 1:1) was synthesized. The structure of the cocrystal was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Its structure was further determined by powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry which showed that its morphology was different from the morphology of the mechanical mixture of two raw materials. The decomposition temperature of the cocrystal is lower than that of CL-20 and MTNI. The calculated detonation performance is slightly lower than that of HMX, but the cocrystal has excellent sensitivity performance relative to that of CL-20, even lower than that of RDX. These features make this cocrystal ideal to be used in applications with low-sensitivity requirements.
Explosive-contaminated soil is harmful to people's health and the local ecosystem. The acute toxicity of its extracting solution was tested by bacterial luminescence assay using three kinds of luminescent bacteria to characterize the toxicity of the soil. An orthogonal test L (4) was designed to optimize the soil extracting conditions. The optimum extracting conditions were obtained when the ultrasonic extraction time, ultrasonic extraction temperature, and the extraction repeat times were 6 h, 40 °C, and three, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that the main components of the contaminated soil's extracting solution were 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-3-SO); 2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-5-SO); and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT). Compared with Photobacterium phosphoreum and Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov. is more suitable for assessing the soil extracting solution's acute toxicity. Soil washing can remove most of the contaminants toxic to luminescent bacterium Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov., suggesting that it may be a potential effective remediation method for explosive-contaminated soil.
The solubility of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) was measured using a laser monitoring system in different molar proportions of binary (dimethyl sulfoxide + cyclopentanone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone) mixed solvents with temperatures changing from 293.15 to 333.15 K under 0.1 MPa. The experimental solubility data for FOX-7 were correlated and fitted to thermodynamic models such as van't Hoff equation, Apelblat equation, van't Hoff−Jouyban−Acree model, and Apelblat− Jouyban−Acree model. The results show that the solubility of FOX-7 increases with increasing temperature and the dimethyl sulfoxide ratio. The ranking of FOX-7 solubility in (DMSO + selected ketones) mixed solvents is almost identical with the polarity sequence in the corresponding solvents, indicating that polarity is a critical factor influencing the solubility of FOX-7 in the above mixed solvents. Four models can be used to correlate the solubility data commendably. However, the van't Hoff−Jouyban−Acree model fits the best experimental solubility data.
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