Background: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, but its underlying mechanism has remained obscure, and the role of immune-related genes (IRGs) in epilepsy have not yet been investigated.Therefore, in this study, we explored the association between IRGs and epilepsy.Methods: An IRG list was collected from the ImmPort database. The gene expression profiles of GSE143272 were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/geo/). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between epilepsy and normal samples were analyzed, and the intersections between IRGs and DEGs were identified using the VennDiagram package, with the intersected genes subjected to further analysis. Enrichment function for intersected genes were performed, constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network via the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database, and the hub genes (top 10) of the PPI network were calculated by the cytoHubba plug-in in Cytoscape. The top correlated genes were selected to perform correlation analysis with immune cells infiltration and expression levels. Finally, we performed validation of the top correlated genes transcriptional expression levels using an animal model.Results: There were a total of 245 DEGs detected in GSE143272, among which 143 were upregulated and 102 downregulated genes in epilepsy. A total of 44 differential IRGs were obtained via intersection of DEGs and IRGs. Enrichment function analysis of DEGs showed that they played a significant role in immune response. The gene CXCL1 was the most correlated with other differentially expressed IRGs via the PPI network. The results of immune cell infiltration analysis indicated that epilepsy patients had higher activated mast cells infiltration (P=0.021), but lower activated CD4 memory T cells (P=0.001), resting CD4 memory T cells (P=0.011), and gamma delta T cells (P=0.038) infiltration. It was revealed that CXCL1 and activated mast cells (R=0.25, P=0.019) and neutrophils (R=0.3, P=0.0043), and a negative correlation with T cells gamma delta (R=−0.25, P=0.018). The levels of CXCL1 expression were significantly lower in epilepsy patients than those in normal samples.Conclusions: In this study, the results showed that IRGs such as CXCL1 have a significant influence on epilepsy via regulation of immune cells infiltration.
Background: Excitation/inhibition imbalance (E/I imbalance), which involves an increase of alphaamino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) and decrease of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA) type A receptors (GABAaRs) on the neuron surface, has been documented in the pathogenesis of seizures. Notably, it has been established that both the glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) of AMPARs and beta 2/3 subunits of GABAaRs (Gabrb2+3) participate in the recycling mechanism mediated by the kinesin heavy chain isoform 5A (KIF5A), which determines the number of neuron surface receptors.However, it remains unclear whether receptor recycling is involved in the pathogenesis of seizures.Methods: Twelve adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to the normal control (Ctl) group (n=6) and the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure (Sez) group (n=6). The rats in the Ctl group were treated with saline. The rats in the Sez group received an intraperitoneal injection of PTZ at an initial dose of 40 mg/kg. Primary cultured neurons were obtained from newborn rats (24-hour-old). The neurons were exposed to magnesium-free (Mg 2+ -free) extracellular fluid for 3 hours to establish the seizure model in vitro. We detected the electrophysiology of the seizure model, the expression levels of KIF5A, GluR2, and Gabrb2+3, the recycling ratio of GluR2 and Gabrb2+3, the interaction between KIF5A and GluR2, and the interaction between KIF5A and Gabrb2+3.Results: In the Sez group, the expression of GluR2 on the cell surface was increased and the expression of Gabrb2+3 on the cell surface was decreased. The amplitude and frequency of action potentials were significantly increased in the Mg 2+ -free group. The amplitude and decay time of AMPAR-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents were increased in the Mg 2+ -free group. The amplitude and decay time of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents were decreased in the Mg 2+ -free group. The recycling ratio of GluR2 was increased and the recycling ratio of Gabrb2+3 was decreased in the Mg 2+ -free group. The interaction between KIF5A and GluR2 was increased, and the interaction between KIF5A and Gabrb2+3 was decreased in the seizure model in vivo and in vitro.
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