SummaryLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have several known functions in plant development, but their possible roles in responding to plant disease remain largely unresolved. In this study, we described a comprehensive disease‐responding lncRNA profiles in defence against a cotton fungal disease Verticillium dahliae. We further revealed the conserved and specific characters of disease‐responding process between two cotton species. Conservatively for two cotton species, we found the expression dominance of induced lncRNAs in the Dt subgenome, indicating a biased induction pattern in the co‐existing subgenomes of allotetraploid cotton. Comparative analysis of lncRNA expression and their proposed functions in resistant Gossypium barbadense cv. ‘7124’ versus susceptible Gossypium hirsutum cv. ‘YZ1’ revealed their distinct disease response mechanisms. Species‐specific (LS) lncRNAs containing more SNPs displayed a fiercer inducing level postinfection than the species‐conserved (core) lncRNAs. Gene Ontology enrichment of LS lncRNAs and core lncRNAs indicates distinct roles in the process of biotic stimulus. Further functional analysis showed that two core lncRNAs, GhlncNAT‐ANX2‐ and GhlncNAT‐RLP7‐silenced seedlings, displayed an enhanced resistance towards V. dahliae and Botrytis cinerea, possibly associated with the increased expression of LOX1 and LOX2. This study represents the first characterization of lncRNAs involved in resistance to fungal disease and provides new clues to elucidate cotton disease response mechanism.
A novel thermophilic bacterial strain, CBS-Z T , was isolated from a terrestrial hot spring in the Changbai Mountains, PR China. Cells of strain CBS-Z T were short straight rods without flagella and had Gram-positive cell walls. Growth was observed at 40-90 6C (optimum 75 6C) and at pH 5.6-8.6 (optimum pH 7.8). The primary end-products from the fermentation of filter paper by strain CBS-Z T were acetate, lactate, H 2 , and CO 2 . The main cellular fatty acids were iso-C 17 : 0 , iso-C 14 : 0 3-OH and C 16 : 0 . The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 36.08 mol%. Multiple sequence alignment of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strain CBS-Z T belongs to the genus Caldicellulosiruptor and the most similar micro-organism was Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus DSM 8903 T (96.36 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity); the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of strain CBS-Z T to other species was below 95 %. Based on its phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain CBS-Z T represents a novel species of the genus Caldicellulosiruptor, for which the name Caldicellulosiruptor changbaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CBS-Z T (5DSM 26941 T 5CGMCC 1.5180 T ).
Objective Early diagnosis remains the primary goal for leprosy management programs. This study aims to determine whether active surveillance of patients with leprosy and their contact individuals increased identification of latent leprosy cases in the low-endemic areas. Methods This cross-sectional survey was carried out between October 2014 and August 2016 in 21 counties throughout Shandong Province. The survey was conducted among patients with leprosy released from treatment (RFT) and their contacts from both household and neighbors. Results A total of 2,210 RFT patients and 9,742 contacts comprising 7877 household contacts (HHCs), including 5,844 genetic related family members (GRFMs) and 2033 non-genetic related family members and 1,865 contacts living in neighboring houses (neighbor contacts, NCs), were recruited. Among identified individuals, one relapsed and 13 were newly diagnosed, giving a detection rate of 0.12%, corresponding to 120 times the passive case detection rate. Detection rates were similar for HHCs and NCs (0.114% vs. 0.214%, P = 0.287). Analysis of the family history of leprosy patients revealed clustering of newly diagnosed PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES
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