Previous studies of service-oriented tourist city networks have often focused on the analysis of the geographical distributions and service roles of important cities instead of the connections and hierarchical tendencies between different types of cities within a whole region. The current study uses big data approaches for the regional connections of 38 tourism organizations, including famous hotels, air passenger transport services, and tourism service agencies, across 63 of the most important tourist cities in China. Fuzzy c-means clustering analysis is used to define eight city arena clusters. According to the distributions of connectivity between the 63 cities, these eight clusters play different functional service roles in the urban tourism network in four hierarchies. With their “center–edge” memberships, these arena clusters are formed by the interweaved process of regional and hierarchical tourism service connections. The results here include analysis of the various service-oriented tourist cities in China and point out the geographical “gap” faced by networks. Service-oriented tourist cities need to find their hierarchies and positioning in the network, scientifically speaking, to avoid blind development and to support sustainable regional tourism development in urban areas.
[Background] Previous research achievements of the service-oriented tourist city network have often focused on the analysis of its geographical distribution and service role of the important cities instead of the connections and hierarchical tendencies between the whole city in a large region.[Method]Using big data approaches on the regional connections of 38 tourism organizations including famous hotels, air passenger transport, tourism service agencies across 63 most important tourist cities in China. Fuzzy c-means clustering analysis is used to define 8 city arena clusters. [Results]According to the distributions of connectivity between 63 cities, these eight clusters play different service functional roles in the urban tourism network at four hierarchies. With their “center-edge” memberships, these arena clusters are formed by the interweaving process of regional and hierarchical tourism service connections. The results include the analysis of the various service-oriented tourist city in China and point out the geography “gap” faced by network. [Conclusion] Service-oriented tourist cities need to find their hierarchies and positioning in the network scientifically to avoid blind development, to make regional urban tourism sustainable development.
(1) Background: This study examines the intention to behave actively prevent COVID-19 among local tourism practitioners by adopting an empirically validated norm activation model (NAM) of Schwartz and merging it with the Expectancy theory of Vroom; (2) Methods: The study aims to develops a theoretical framework for understanding the formation and predicting the change of personal protective intention to prevent COVID-19. Based on 514 valid responses from the field surveys; (3) Results: The author develops the refined model including 7 constructs and 26 observational items, and the results showed that the refined model has enjoys a better predictive accuracy of protective intention than the original NAM; and (4) Conclusions: The intention of preventing COVID-19 should needs wider public support and advocacy, and recognizing the change rule of improving behavioral intentions of preventing COVID-19 to maintain the safe tourism image of tourist attractions in Zhangjiajie is also benefits for local tourism practitioners.
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