Ganoderma triterpenes (GTs) are the major secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, a traditional Chinese medicine, popularly used for complementary cancer therapy. GTs are lanostane-tetracyclic triterpenes. They have been reported to possess anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, antioxidant, antimicrobial and blood fat reducing effects. To date, 316 GTs have been found and their similar chemical structures have proved difficult to elucidate. This paper compiles 316 naturally occurring triterpenes from Ganoderma based on the literature published through January 2013 along with their structures, physiological activities and 13 C-NMR spectral data.

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Partial nitrate nutrition was testified to improve rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth. However, how partial nitrate nutrition is related to root growth in rice cultivars with different N-use efficiency is still unclear. Two rice cultivars, Nanguang (high N-use efficiency) and Elio (low N-use efficiency), were grown on six ratios of NH 4 + /NO 3 -in the solution. The response of root growth to partial nitrate nutrition was investigated and N status and auxin concentration were recorded in order to elucidate the mechanisms by which the optimal ratio of NH 4 + /NO 3 -that controls the architecture of the root system. The length of adventitious and lateral roots was stimulated only in cv. Nanguang by partial nitrate nutrition. Nitratestimulated root length in Nanguang resulted mainly from root initiation rather than root elongation. Root biomass was similar between two rice cultivars under NH 4 + supplied, while higher root biomass was observed in cv. Nanguang than in cv. Elio under 25% nitrate supplied for 10 weeks. Significant IAA increase was recorded in cv. Nanguang under 25% nitrate presence in the nutrition compared to under sole NH 4 + solution. The presence of nitrate increased root initiation in the rice with high N-use efficiency, which led to faster biomass accumulation and higher N-use efficiency at later growth stages.