IntroductionWith the rapid consumption of global energy, the utilization of new energy is of crucial importance for the development of society and the protection of the ecological environment. [1,2] Triboelectric nanogenerators can effectively collect low-frequency vibration energy and convert it into electrical energy. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] These nanogenerators are a milestone in the development of new energy research. [9,10] Their discovery has provided new ideas for the collection of many forms of environmental energy, such as vibrational energy, wind energy, hydropower, and bioenergy. [11,12] A sound wave is a special form of mechanical vibration. [13] As a clean, abundant, and sustainable form of energy, sound waves are ubiquitously present in our surroundings, including various sounds from human activities, airport construction sites, and transportation. Unfortunately, most sound wave energy has been wasted because of its very low energy density and the lack of effective technologies for harvesting acoustic energy. [14,15] Energy harvesters operating on the basis of electromagnetic induction or the piezoelectric effect have been proposed to collect various types of vibrational energy, such as vehicle vibration and human movement. [16][17][18][19] However, their application has encountered severe difficulties in regard to acoustic wave energy. The mechanism of power generation using electromagnetic induction is that the conductor in the magnetic field cuts the magnetic induction line to generate induced currents. [20] However, due to the small acoustic energy density and the rapid change in sound pressure, effective cutting of the magnetic line under the action of an acoustic wave force is very difficult for conductors. [21,22] Therefore, using electromagnetic induction to collect acoustic wave energy remains a great challenge. In contrast, piezoelectric materials have good sensitivity to slight disturbances, and most of the previous studies regarding acoustic energy harvesting have concentrated on piezoelectric nanogenerators. [23] However, thus far, such nanogenerators have been limited by low electrical output performance and high structural complexity. [24] Therefore, an advanced acoustic energy harvester with high output performance and good practicability must be proposed soon.An acoustic wave is a type of energy that is clean and abundant but almost totally unused because of its very low density. This study investigates a novel dual-tube Helmholtz resonator-based triboelectric nanogenerator (HR-TENG) for highly efficient harvesting of acoustic energy. This HR-TENG is composed of a Helmholtz resonant cavity, a metal film with evenly distributed acoustic holes, and a dielectric soft film with one side ink-printed for electrode. Effects of resonant cavity structure, acoustic conditions, and film tension on the HR-TENG performance are investigated systematically. By coupling the mechanisms of triboelectric nanogenerator and acoustic propagation, a theoretical guideline is provided for improving energy out...
Underwater communication is a critical and challenging issue, on account of the complex underwater environment. This study introduces an underwater wireless communication approach via Maxwell’s displacement current generated by a triboelectric nanogenerator. Underwater electric field can be generated through a wire connected to a triboelectric nanogenerator, while current signal can be inducted in an underwater receiver certain distance away. The received current signals are basically immune to disturbances from salinity, turbidity and submerged obstacles. Even after passing through a 100 m long spiral water pipe, the electric signals are not distorted in waveform. By modulating and demodulating the current signals generated by a sound driven triboelectric nanogenerator, texts and images can be transmitted in a water tank at 16 bits/s. An underwater lighting system is operated by the triboelectric nanogenerator-based voice-activated controller wirelessly. This triboelectric nanogenerator-based approach can form the basis for an alternative wireless communication in complex underwater environments.
Vibration sensors are involved extensively in a variety of applications. Especially in the era of the Internet of Things, developing self‐powered vibration sensors has become a very meaningful yet challenging problem. This study investigates a highly sensitive self‐powered vibration sensor based on the triboelectric nanogenerator (VS‐TENG) for machinery condition monitoring. By introducing a stacked structure comprising foamed aluminum, and a fluorinated ethylene propylene film with gold‐plated electrode protected by two indium tin oxid layers, The VS‐TENG can detect the vibrations with frequencies ranging from 1 to 2000 Hz and can detect vibrations of low amplitude (approximately sub‐µm, by calculation). The output performance and characteristics of the TENG under various vibration frequencies, accelerations, and amplitudes are analyzed systematically. The VS‐TENG is successfully used to monitor the operating conditions of mechanical gear systems, reaching a recognition accuracy of 99.78%. Furthermore, it can also be utilized for vibration detection in other areas such as the air compressor, heat gun, hollow tile recognition, etc., which means a solid progress toward the practical applications of TENGs in self‐powered vibration detection.
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