A review of 150 consecutive head and neck cancer patients over a 22-month period revealed a multiple primary cancer rate of 19%, 9% in the head and neck region. Nine patients (6%) had simultaneous esophageal and head and neck cancers. Complete systematic esophagoscopic examinations, in addition to barium swallow radiographic studies, are recommended for all patients with head and neck cancers.
4 Sahin MT, Turel A, Gunduz K, Kandiloglu AR, Ozturkcan S. Malignant eccrine poroma in an unusual location. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002; 16: 631-633. 5 Nakanishi Y, Matsuno Y, Shimoda T et al. Eccrine porocarcinoma with melanocyte colonization. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138: 519 -521. 6 Lan CC, Yu HS, Wu CS, Tsai KB, Wen CH, Chen GS. Pigmented eccrine poroma with enhanced endothelin-1 expression: implications for mechanism of hyperpigmentation. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 1070 -1072. 7 Ohata U, Hara H, Suzuki H. Pigmented eccrine poroma occurring on the scalp: derivation of melanocytes in the tumor. Am J Dermatopathol 2006; 28: 138 -141. 8 Lee HJ, Jeong SH, Seo EJ, Ha SJ, Kim JW. Melanocyte colonization associated with malignant transformation of eccrine poroma.
The actin gene (ACT) from the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha was cloned and its structural feature was characterized. In contrast to the actin genes of other ascomycetous yeasts, which have only one large intron, the H. polymorpha ACT gene was found to be split by two introns. The H. polymorpha ACT introns were correctly processed in the heterologous host Saccharomyces cerevisiae despite appreciable differences in the splice site sequences. The promoter region of H. polymorpha ACT displayed two CCAAT motifs and two TATA-like sequences in a configuration similar to that observed in the S. cerevisiae actin promoter. A set of deleted H. polymorpha ACT promoters was exploited to direct expression of the bacterial hygromycin B resistance (hph) gene as a dominant selectable marker in the transformation of H. polymorpha. The resistance level of H. polymorpha transformants to the antibiotic was shown to be dependent on the integration copy number of the hph cassette. The selectivity of the hygromycin B resistance marker for transformants of higher copy number was remarkably increased with the deletion of the upstream TATA-like sequence, but not with the removal of either CCAAT motif, from the H. polymorpha promoter. The dosage-dependent selection system developed in this study should be useful for genetic manipulation of H. polymorpha as an industrial strain to produce recombinant proteins.
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