Adsorption is effective methods to remove trace organic pollutants in water, and the development of cheap and efficient adsorption materials is essential to the real application of this technique. In this study, chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, was grafted with palmityl chloride using an acylation procedure to improve its hydrophobicity and adsorption capacity to hydrophobic organic contaminants. A hydrophobically-modified chitosan (HMC2) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and then was tested to adsorb phenolic pollutants from water. The batch adsorption experiments were employed to investigate the adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of 4-nonylphenol(4-NP), α-naphthol(Nap), 4-chlorophenol(4-CP) and phenol(Phe) on HMC2 and chitosan. The effect of temperature, salt concentration, and pH on adsorption was studied for the understanding of adsorption processes. Moreover, a linear free energy relationship approach and FTIR technique were used to identify the predominant adsorption mechanisms. The obtained results showed that the modified chitosan had higher adsorption capacity to 4-NP, Nap, 4-CP and Phe than the unmodified one. The adsorption kinetics of 4-NP, Nap and 4-CP on chitosan and HMC2 were found to be well fitted by the first-order kinetic model. The adsorption isotherms of 4-NP, Nap, 4-CP and Phe on HMC2 conformed to the linear or Freundlich models. The pH range from 5.6-8.5 appeared to have non-significant effect on the adsorption capacity of HMC2. However, the increasing salt concentration was found to favor the adsorption. The adsorption enthalpy changes (ΔH0) for 4-NP, Nap and CP on HMC2 varied from -3.82 to -0.44 kJ/mol, and the adsorption entropy changes (ΔS0) changed from 21.7 to 85.9 J/(mol·K). When the logarithms of the distribution constant (logKd) were correlated with the logarithms of the octanol-water partition coefficient (logKow), a good linear relationship was observed:logKd=1.451·logKow - 4.893 (r2=0.999). Thus, the hydrophobic interaction was proposed as a predominant mechanism for adsorption of nonionized 4-NP, Nap, 4-CP, and Phe on HMC2, which was further confirmed by the FTIR data. This study may provide guidance for tailoring high-performance chitosan to selectively remove organic pollutants in water.
Stimulus‐induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal discharges (SIRPIDs), an unusual pattern in electroencephalography, have been described in critically‐ill encephalopathic patients in response to alerting stimuli. The phenomenon may be seen in patients with a broad range of aetiologies, including cerebral infarct, haemorrhage, anoxia, and degenerative diseases. Here, we report a unique case of status epilepticus presenting with SIRPIDs during funduscopic examination‐induced focal to bilateral tonic‐clonic seizures.
With the advent of an aging society, the number of people who are being afflicted with Alzheimer's disease is also on a gradual rise. However, an effective medical treatment to contain the contraction of the disease still does not exist. There is a widespread lack of understanding about dementia among the general populace, and the amount of available research into early pathological prediction of Alzheimer's disease is also quite low. This study proposes a testing system to detect cases of dementia, which is designed to assist doctors in diagnosing the disease. The system can be applied to embedded devices and mobile devices in the hospital in the future to promote the development of artificial intelligence in the medical field and improve diagnosis efficiency. On the basis of minuscule size and a small number of parameters, lightweight convolutional neural networks can be deployed on devices with finite memory and computing without connecting any cloud platform to avoid the breach of image data and ensure the quality of its security. For this purpose, three common lightweight convolutional neural networks are used in this study -MobileNet V2, NASNetMobile, and ShuffleNet V2. In cases where the parameters are identical to those corresponding to other conditions, the Alzheimer's disease predictive identification is applied to use open-source magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans obtained from the Kaggle platform. The results of the study indicate that MobileNet V2 exhibits the highest prediction accuracy (80.78%). Additionally, the system proposed in this study can be integrated into physicians' workflows during the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, thereby making their medical judgments more accurate. It can, therefore, address the tedious and time-consuming nature of the current methods of diagnosis of the disease, improve the efficiency of the medical treatment of patients, and improve the possibility of early detection of the disease.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.