Non-foliar green organs are recognized as important carbon sources after leaves. However, the contribution of each organ to total yield has not been comprehensively studied in relation to the time-course of changes in surface area and photosynthetic activity of different organs at different growth stages. We studied the contribution of leaves, main stem, bracts and capsule wall in cotton by measuring their time-course of surface area development, O(2) evolution capacity and photosynthetic enzyme activity. Because of the early senescence of leaves, non-foliar organs increased their surface area up to 38.2% of total at late growth stage. Bracts and capsule wall showed less ontogenetic decrease in O(2) evolution capacity per area and photosynthetic enzyme activity than leaves at the late growth stage. The total capacity for O(2) evolution of stalks and bolls (bracts plus capsule wall) was 12.7 and 23.7% (total ca. 36.4%), respectively, as estimated by multiplying their surface area by their O(2) evolution capacity per area. We also kept the bolls (from 15 days after anthesis) or main stem (at the early full bolling stage) in darkness for comparison with non-darkened controls. Darkening the bolls and main stem reduced the boll weight by 24.1 and 9%, respectively, and the seed weight by 35.9 and 16.3%, respectively. We conclude that non-foliar organs significantly contribute to the yield at the late growth stage.

Water and nitrogen (N) are two major factors limiting cotton growth and yield. The ability of plants to absorb water and nutrients is closely related to the size of the root system and the rooting space. Better understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) adapts to water and N supply when rooting volume is restricted would be useful for improving cotton yield. In this study, cotton was grown in soil columns to control rooting depth to either 60 cm (root-restriction treatment) or 120 cm (no-root-restriction treatment). Four water-N combinations were applied to the plants: (1) deficit irrigation and no N fertilizer (W 0 N 0 ), (2) deficit irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W 0 N 1 ), (3) moderate irrigation and no N fertilizer (W 1 N 0 ), and (4) moderate irrigation and moderate N fertilizer rate (W 1 N 1 ). Results revealed that root restriction reduced root length density (RLD), root volume density (RVD), root mass density (RMD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, total plant biomass, and root : shoot ratio. In contrast, root restriction increased aboveground biomass and yield. The RLD, RVD, RMD, and root : shoot ratio decreased in the order W 0 N 0 > W 1 N 0 > W 0 N 1 > W 1 N 1 in both the root-restriction and no-root-restriction treatments. However, the opposite order (i.e., W 1 N 1 > W 0 N 1 > W 1 N 0 > W 0 N 0 ) was observed for SOD activity, NR activity, aboveground biomass, and seed yield. Our results suggest that, when N and water supplies are adequate, root restriction increases both root activity and the availability of photosynthates to aboveground plant parts. This increases shoot growth, the shoot : root ratio, and yield.

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Almost all terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) still assume infinite mesophyll conductance (gm) to estimate photosynthesis and transpiration. This assumption has caused low accuracy of TBMs to predict leaf gas exchange under certain conditions. Here, we developed a photosynthesis-transpiration coupled model that explicitly considers gm and designed an optimized parameterization solution through evaluating four different gm estimation methods in 19 C3 species at 31 experimental treatments. Temperature responses of the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and the electron transport rate (Jmax) estimated using the Bayesian retrieval algorithm and the Sharkey online calculator and gm temperature response estimated using the chlorophyll fluorescence-gas exchange method and anatomy method predicted leaf gas exchange better. The gm temperature response exhibited activation energy (delta Ha) of 63.13+-36.89 kJ mol-1 and entropy (delta S) of 654.49+-11.36 J K-1 mol-1. The gm optimal temperature (Topt_gm) explained 58% of variations in photosynthesis optimal temperature (ToptA). The gm explicit expression has equally important effects on photosynthesis and transpiration estimations. Results advanced understandings of better representation of plant photosynthesis and transpiration in TBMs.