DNA sequence analysis using digital signal processing requires conversion of a base sequence to a numerical sequence. The choice of the numerical representation of a DNA sequence affects how well its biological properties can be reflected in the numerical domain for the detection and identification of the characteristics of special regions of interest. This paper presents some selected methods of DNA numerical representation for DNA sequence analysis, discusses their relative merits and demerits, and includes some concluding remarks.

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A new proportionate affine projection sign algorithm is proposed for network echo cancellation. It uses a recursive procedure and takes into account the previously computed proportionate coefficients. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can obtain a lower steady-state misalignment than other affine projection sign algorithms for different echo paths, impulsive interferences and step sizes.Introduction: The family of affine projection algorithms (APAs) is known to provide a better convergence performance in comparison with the known normalised least mean square (NLMS) algorithm [1]. Their performance can be further improved by taking into account the sparsity of the echo paths [2] (e.g. in case of network echo cancellers (NEC)). A number of proportionate-type adaptive algorithms were proposed (e.g. improved proportionate APA (IPAPA) [2], and memory IPAPA (MIPAPA) [3] etc) Unfortunately, the above-mentioned algorithms are not robust to impulsive noise [4,5], and a user may experience a deteriorated performance during a telephone conversation in an impulse interference environment. It is known that the family of affine projection sign algorithms is robust against impulsive noise and they have lower complexity than the conventional affine projection algorithms [4]. One such algorithm was proposed in [4] and it was termed the affine projection sign algorithm (APSA). The real-coefficient improved proportionate affine projection sign algorithm (RIP-APSA) was proposed in [5]. In [5], the RIP-APSA's superiority over APA, APSA, and proportionate APA's in terms of robustness and fast convergence for both sparse and dispersive echo paths in impulsive environments was proved by extensive simulation results. However, its steady-state performance is inferior to that of the APSA especially for dispersive echo paths [5]. In this Letter, we propose a new algorithm called the memory improved proportionate affine projection sign algorithm (MIP-APSA), with similar complexity and performance but greatly improved steady-state misalignment as compared to the RIP-APSA in impulsive environments.

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A .-approach using a multilayer feedforward neural network to pulse co .... resslon Is presented. The 13-element Barker code and the maximum-length sequences (m-sequeuees) with length'llS, 31, a nd 63 bits were used as the signal codes, and four networks were Implemented, respectively. In each of these networks, the nwmer or luput units was the same as the signal length wblle tbe nuder or hidden units was three and t he nuder of output unit was one. In tralning each of these networks, the backpropagatlon learnlng was used and tbe nunmer of training epochs was 500 . Using this approach, a more than 40 dB output peak slgnal-ta-sidelobe ratio can be achieved. Moreover, these rault·tolerant neural networks can provide a robust means for pulse radar detection.