Sea anemones produce many biologically active compounds including neurotoxins, pore-forming toxins, phospholipases and proteinase inhibitors. The Persian Gulf is an unexplored environment and maybe a rich source of marine natural products. The aim of this study is screening and identification of bioactive metabolites from Stichodactyla haddoni (Haddon's sea anemone) collected at the Persian Gulf. The crude extract of the sea anemone (tentacle, disc and total body) was obtained by methanol solvent. The antibacterial assays were carried out by the disc diffusion method. The antibiofilm activity (biofilm formation, biofilm destruction and reduction of metabolic activity) of the sea anemone extracts was evaluated by microtiter plate method. The bioactive compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis. Data showed that the best antibacterial effect (relate to P. aeruginosa) is obtained from extracts of ''total body'' section. Values of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration show that the maximum antibacterial activity takes place at 10-20 mg/ml concentration. Three parts of sea anemone exhibit different inhibition against biofilm of bacteria, in particular, inhibition of biofilm observed by the tentacle, disc and total body against P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia and A. baumannii, respectively. Biofilm of P. aeruginosa was the most sensitive and the biofilm of B. cereus was the most resistant structure between all pathogenic bacteria. The best reduction in the metabolic activity was observed in P. aeruginosa and K. pneumonia among tested bacteria. Aliphatic compounds were predominant bioactive metabolites in this sea anemone. The marine animal and especially sea anemone produce useful bioactive compounds that can be used to prevent bacterial biofilm; application of bioactive materials, reported in this study, can be proposed for future studies.
Biofilms are microbial communities that bind to surfaces resist adverse conditions. Increasing the survival of bacteria in biofilm structures compared to their planktonic form causes problems in drug treatment. On the other hand, drug resistance in the world is increasing and the need to discover and identify new compounds with the antimicrobial effect is felt. Marine sponges are adapted to unique marine environments and can fight pathogens of these ecosystems without having a dedicated defense system. This study aimed was to investigate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects and also to identify the bioactive compounds of two samples of Psammocinia sp. and Hyattella sp. sponges. Six bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanni, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were tested. The extract was first extracted using dichloromethane and methanol (DCM: MeOH) (1:1 v/v) solvents. The planktonic form was investigated using Disk diffusion and agar well diffusion methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)was determined by the microdilution method and then the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were performed to identify the compounds of each extract. No zone of inhibition (ZOI) was observed on the planktonic form of K. pneumonia due to both extracts. MIC have about 10 to 20 mg/ml and MBC in about 20 to 80 mg/ml was determined. The results showed that the effect of both extracts on the degradation of the biofilm formed by B. cereus was less than other bacteria. The results of GC-MS showed the presence of phenol, butanedioic acid, propanoic acid and Benzeneacetaldehyde compounds. This study showed that marine sponges at the Persian Gulf can be a good candidate for the extraction of bioactive compounds that use as antimicrobial agents.
Introduction: Microbial resistance is increasing worldwide. Investigations are underway to use nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents to reduce microbial resistance. Materials and methods: Seven human pathogenic bacteria were selected according to common hospital infection bacteria: both gram-positive and negative. In this study, imipenem and ciprofloxacin antibiotics were used separately and in combination with human serum albumin and coacervation method for the preparation of nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to investigate the properties of nanoparticles. Antibacterial activity was determined and compared using the disk diffusion technique and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Results: The results of DLS for imipenem, ciprofloxacin and the combination of both antibiotics were 85 nm, 135 nm, and 120 nm, and for SEM were 79.9 nm, 122.2 nm, and 111 nm, respectively. All of the synthesized nanoparticles have a spherical shape. The antibacterial effect on the disk diffusion test for Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria was more noticeable in all three HSA nanoparticle compositions than other bacteria. The use of antibiotics in the form of HSA nanoparticles reduced the MIC. This value was more significant for nanoparticles carrying both ciprofloxacin and imipenem on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Conclusion:From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of HSA nanoparticles carrying the aforementioned antibiotics has more antibacterial effect against the bacteria of this study, especially S. mutans, than their free form.
The growth trend of publications in the field of nanoparticles biosynthesis by bacteria was analyzed using bibliometric techniques to the identification of the areas with significant development and the orientations that have guided the research on bacteria. This study extracted data from the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus between 2000 and 2020 to compare results. The number of articles published annually, participating countries, resource growth rate, most used keywords and research collaborations were obtained from bibliometric analysis. The results showed that nanoparticle documents in materials science, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology have improved citation rates as the authors researched in multidisciplinary areas. Although these keywords have the most sites, they are not emerging keywords, and their most common use was in the years 2014–2018. The results showed the upward trend of articles published from 2000 to 2020, most of which were related to the last 10 years. The 5 countries that had the most articles published in this field were China, USA, India, Germany and Iran. The top sources that had the most published documents in this field had a similar scope to our research. The results of each section had a significant relationship with other sections of this study. VOS viewer program was used for quantitative analysis. It seems that bibliometric methods will complement meta-analysis and qualitative structured literature reviews as a method for reviewing and evaluating scientific literature. The advantage of the bibliographic analysis was the awareness of trends in a study area.
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