Web-based surveys are having a profound influence on the survey process. Unlike other types of surveys, Web page design skills and computer programming expertise play a significant role in the design of Web-based surveys. Survey respondents face new and different challenges in completing a Web-based survey. This paper examines the different types of Web-based surveys, the advantages and challenges of using Web-based surveys, the design of Web-based surveys, and the issues of validity, error, and non-response in this type of survey. The author also discusses the importance of auxiliary languages (graphic, symbolic and numeric languages) in Web surveys, and concludes with the unique aspects of Web-based surveys.
This paper reports the findings of a study undertaken in four Nova Scotia public schools of twelfth grade students' information seeking strategies when they use the Internet as an information source. Various Nova Scotia Department of Education curriculum documents hold high expectations of students' information seeking strategies when using the Internet for educational purposes. This study looks at whether these expectations are being realized. The results include the students' use of specific information seeking strategies, knowledge of World Wide Web Search engines, as well as how students acquired their Internet information seeking knowledge, and students' perceptions of their ability to locate information on the Internet. The results of the study have important implications for Internet education and the role of information professionals in public schools.
There are not very many effective treatment options for Alzheimer disease most of the options have side effects and temporarily reduce symptoms rather than delay disease progression. Effective treatments with minimal side effects that prevent and reduce the severity of Alzheimer disease are needed. Neuromodulation techniques have recently emerged for the treatment of Alzheimer disease, with the hope of filling some of these treatment gaps. Two invasive and 8 noninvasive techniques are described in this Horizon Scan, some with more published evidence than others. Deep brain stimulation, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and transcranial alternating current stimulation have more published studies involving patients with Alzheimer disease. Technologies at an earlier stage of development and with fewer studies providing an evidence base include vagus nerve stimulation, ultrasound stimulation, electromagnetic stimulation, photobiomodulation, infrared stimulation, and auditory stimulation. The evidence regarding neuromodulation techniques is mostly promising; however, most studies are preliminary or include fewer than 50 participants. Given the heterogeneous nature of Alzheimer disease and the variety of methods in which the different neuromodulation technologies can be used, more research is needed to determine the effectiveness and relative effectiveness of neuromodulation techniques and devices. Limitations in the research include limited evidence on the long-term effects and cost-effectiveness of the techniques in the treatment of Alzheimer disease, as well as the clinical significance of the results in the published studies thus far. Despite the limited evidence, the results emerging from the literature are hopeful for many people living with Alzheimer disease. Importantly, the lack of reported serious side effects is a hopeful start for many who currently experience difficulties with pharmaceuticals. Given the heterogeneous nature of Alzheimer disease, the increased variety in treatment options also offers hope in potentially finding more effective treatments for individuals living with the debilitating disease.
Four systematic reviews (SRs) and 6 retrospective cohort studies provided evidence for the clinical effectiveness of transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR) versus open heart conventional surgical mitral valve repair or replacement (SMVR) in patients with primary or secondary mitral regurgitation (MR). No relevant evidence regarding the cost-effectiveness of TMVR versus SMVR in patients with primary or secondary MR was identified; therefore, no summary can be provided. There was evidence indicating a statistically significant difference in favour of TMVR over SMVR regarding the odds of post-procedure bleeding, need for permanent pacemaker implantation, 30-day readmission, and a shorter duration of hospitalization. There was evidence suggesting a statistically significant difference in favour of SMVR over TMVR regarding the odds of recurrent MR, the need for reoperation, and mortality rate (i.e., during hospitalization, at 1 year, and > 3 years). Also, compared with TMVR, the likelihood of residual MR grade > 2 or freedom from MR grade ≥ 2 or ≥ 3 at 4 years was statistically significantly lower or higher, respectively, with SMVR. Evidence regarding the comparative clinical effectiveness of TMVR versus SMVR concerning stroke, acute kidney injury (AKI), cardiogenic shock, and death during hospitalization was conflicting and inconclusive. There was no evidence of a significant difference between the 2 interventions regarding overall mortality or mortality at 5 years, overall survival, freedom from cardiac death at 4 years, cardiac arrest, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and respiratory or vascular complications. A major limitation of the evidence was that it derives from studies of low or unknown quality and risk of bias, Furthermore, all the findings are confounded by differences in patient selection, which reflect the approved indications for the interventions but prevent a direct comparison between the TMVR and SMVR groups.
School libraries can exist in two spaces, a physical space or a virtual space. The author argues that students need a virtual library as well as a physical library because of the different learning opportunities that can be supported by virtual libraries. If a virtual library is carefully planned and designed, it can provide a rich learning environment. Although some authors may distinguish between various terms used to describe virtual libraries: digital libraries, electronic libraries, e-libraries, and the broader term virtual library, in this article, the term virtual library is used to describe any managed collection of information sources in an electronic format. Therefore, virtual libraries could include digital collections of pictures, maps, Web sites, or library records.
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