The fear-avoidance model of chronic musculoskeletal pain has become an increasingly popular conceptualization of the processes and mechanisms through which acute pain can become chronic. Despite rapidly growing interest and research regarding the influence of fear-avoidance constructs on pain-related disability in children and adolescents, there have been no amendments to the model to account for unique aspects of pediatric chronic pain. A comprehensive understanding of the role of fear-avoidance in pediatric chronic pain necessitates understanding of both child⁄adolescent and parent factors implicated in its development and maintenance. The primary purpose of the present article is to propose an empirically-based pediatric fear-avoidance model of chronic pain that accounts for both child⁄adolescent and parent factors as well as their potential interactive effects. To accomplish this goal, the present article will define important fear-avoidance constructs, provide a summary of the general fear-avoidance model and review the growing empirical literature regarding the role of fear-avoidance constructs in pediatric chronic pain. Assessment and treatment options for children with chronic pain will also be described in the context of the proposed pediatric fear-avoidance model of chronic pain. Finally, avenues for future investigation will be proposed.

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Canadian clinical psychology professors in programs accredited by the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) are generally expected to perform in 3 major domains-research, teaching, and service. Measurement of performance in these domains is complicated. Research productivity, as measured by publication and citation counts, are often touted as objective metrics for evaluating professorial research performance; however, such quantifications can be problematic. Despite concerns, evaluators continue to use publication and citation counts for evaluating psychology professors. Use of these metrics without normative data is extremely problematic; moreover, without ceiling reference points or identification of outliers, new professors and those evaluating them have no perspective on reasonable expectations. The current study provides normative data and ceiling reference points using publically available data for the 255 professors currently in CPA-accredited Canadian clinical psychology programs, as well as submissions from an invited subset of those same professors. The data were stratified by professorial rank and sex, with the men and women having the highest publication and citation counts identified to create ceiling references. The results suggest that most CPA-accredited Canadian clinical psychology professors publish between 0 and 4 articles annually. Men publish significantly more than women at the Assistant and Full professorial ranks (p Ͻ .05), but not at the Associate rank (p Ͼ .10). Evidence also suggests that professors cannot be appropriately rank-ordered based on any single research index. Comprehensive results, implications, limitations, contextually based caveats, and directions for future research are discussed.

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was developed in English to assess 3 components of catastrophizing (rumination, magnification, helplessness). It has been adapted for use and validated with Flemish-speaking children (Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children [PCS-C]) and French-speaking adolescents. The PCS-C has been back-translated to English and used extensively in research with English-speaking children; however, the factorial validity of the English PCS-C has not been empirically examined. This study assessed the factor structure of the English PCS-C among a community sample of 1,006 English-speaking children (aged 8-18 years). Exploratory factor analysis was conducted using a random subsample (n = 504) to assess the underlying factor structure. Items with poor factor loadings were removed. Confirmatory factor analysis, using the second subsample (n = 502), was used to cross-validate the factor structure revealed by exploratory factor analysis and compare it to the original 3-factor model and other model variants. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the original PCS-C and a revised 3-factor model comprising 11 of the original 13 PCS-C items, all loading on their original factors, provided adequate fit to the data. The revised model provided statistically better fit to the data compared to all other model variants, suggesting that the English PCS-C may be better understood using a revised 11-item oblique 3-factor model.Perspective: This is the first examination of the factorial validity of the widely used English version of the PCS-C in a large community sample of English-speaking children. A revised 11-item, 3-factor model provided statistically better fit to the data compared to the original model and other model variants.

This review provides an overview of evidence regarding several key mechanisms pertinent to understanding the co-occurrence of smoking dependence and pain, both potentially costly conditions, and highlights treatment implications and future research directions. We describe each of pain and smoking dependence and introduce a revised integrative reciprocal model that explains their co-occurrence. We then provide a selective review of evidence pertinent to direct and indirect pathways between variables postulated in the model. We also provide general recommendations for improving assessment and treatment of smokers with clinically significant pain. We conclude with a targeted agenda for future investigation of the co-occurrence of smoking and pain. Empirical efforts directed at testing postulates of the proposed integrative model may yield a better understanding of the nature of the relationship between these prevalent and costly health conditions as well as evidence-based preventive and treatment strategies for people who experience nicotine dependence and pain-related disability.