A new method has been developed to assign the frequencies ν2(E) and ν4(F2) in tetrahedral molecules and ions. The method employs the calculation of the relative Raman intensities and has been applied to VO43−, CrO42−, MoO42−, WO42−, MnO4−, TcO4−, ReO4−, RuO4, and OsO4. The assignment of the frequencies has been further confirmed by measuring the infrared and Raman spectra of some of the ions and molecules in the same solvent. A more complete spectrum of TcO4− than earlier reported in the literature has been given.
In order to reduce information asymmetries in the tourist industry, consumers refer to multiple information sources. Among these, e-reviews are supposed to better reflect quality of information because they are based on consumers' past experiences. The first purpose of this study is therefore to test within an experimental design whether e-reviews have a predominant or a complementary role on consumer behaviour in comparison with other sources of information (hotel rating system, travel guides and recommendations of travel agents). As expected, e-reviews are the most referential information source. We further use a causal model in order to detect the determinants of trust in e-reviews, and we can show that perceived expertness of e-reviews, credibility of the e-platform and brand familiarity explain more than 60% of trust in e-reviews. The final part of the analysis is dedicated to our third research purpose which is the measurement of the impact of trust in e-reviews on choice of accommodations. A significant and positive influence can be demonstrated. Hence, scientific and managerial implications are discussed.
In recent years, organic agriculture has developed rapidly, and organic certifi cation systems are now used worldwide. However, if these standards are unable to meet their promises, their reliability will be called into question and trust in organic products will fade. As major suppliers of organic food to the European market, it is crucial for Latin American farmers to show their customers that the standards they have implemented are actually delivering what they promise. Considering the manifold resources that are being poured into these systems, it seems reasonable to critically review their reliability. A central indicator for the reliability of the system is the overall evaluation of organic certifi cation. Therefore, it is the objective to analyse the relationship of both constructs. Findings show that most farmers are satisfi ed with the organic certifi cation system and believe in its reliability; however, they fear the costs of bureaucracy and documentation.
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