A dult sexually mature male specimens of the mosquito fish, Gambusia ajfinis (Baird & Giard) were exposed to a low concentration (0.2 mg/1) of the molluscicide Bayluscide for 15 days. Semithin and ultra-thin sections of the liver, of both control and treated specimens, were examined by light and electron microscopes. The livers of the control fish showed that the typical hepatocyte has hexagonal shape and a large single euchromatic nucleus. Its cytoplasm contains rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is concentrated mainly around the nucleus and subjacent to the cell membrane. Many round, oval or rod-shaped mitochondria, a considerable amount of glycogen granules, in addition to rounded prominent fat globules are observed in the hepatocyte cytoplasm. The blood sinusoids are lined by endothelial cells, whereas numerous microvilli extend from hepatocytes into the sub-endothelial space (space of Disse). The bile canaliculi are formed at the junction of the hepatocytes. Liver cells of treated fish showed detectable changes from that of controls. The changes include reduction of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and glycogen granules, as well as mitochondrial degeneration. The primary and secondary lysosomcs increased in number and became variable in size and shape. The hepatocytes also showed vacuoles of variable sizes and shapes and prominent leached fat globules. In addition to the previous changes, the severely affected cells showed evidence of nucleus and cell membrane degeneration with large cytoplasmic vacuoles communicating with each other.
F ish productivity has been affected by a progressive increase of salinity and pollution in Lake Qarun. So. this work aimed to investigate the histology and ultrastructure of the gills of Tilapia nilotica to clarify the possible effect of water quality on the fish gills. The most observed changes include the occurrence of a prominent large number of chloride and mucous cells confined to gill filament, hyperplasia of primary lamellar epithelium which leads to obliteration of some interJamellar spaces between adjacent secondary gill lamellae, odema resulting in the separation of respiratory epithelium and inflammatory infiltration including eosinophils and macrophages. These findings demonstrate that Tilapia nilotica can adapt to poor conditions through cellular and histological changes.
Background: Among hospitals-related health risks, environmental factors play a key-role; this accounting for different rooms' specific use, patients' vulnerability and risk of overcrowding. For these reasons, air control in hospitals and in healthcare facilities in general deserves scientific attention. Objective: Assessing of the quality of indoor air ventilation in critical care department hospitals and its effect on the incidence of hospital acquired infections in order to optimize the ventilation methods in hospitals.Patients and methods: Our study was performed in Egypt by correlating the examined 70 air samples, from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Cardiac Care Unit (CCU) and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in one of the General Organization of Teaching Hospitals and Institute, for presence of bacterial and fungal contamination with the concomitant infection of 70 patients admitted in these units during the period from November 2019 to January 2020. Results: We had 59 (84.2%) positive air samples in comparison to 21 (30%) positive endotracheal tube (ETT) fluid culture and 19 (27.1%) positive blood cultures in the completely selected air sampling areas and in the selected patients during the included sampling period. This suggested a strong relation between the contamination between the indoor airs either by bacterial or fungal organisms, and between the concomitant presence of the same organism in the ETT fluid samples and to lesser extent in the blood cultures.
Conclusion:This study has fortified the hypothesis that achieving an optimal level of indoor air quality is related to applying the infection control rules, application of approved air filters and strict adherence to hand hygiene.
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