Biomarkers are a range of biological signals that measure the presence and severity of the disease. This literature review assesses circulating DNA (ctDNA) and microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers detected in liquid and tissue biopsies and their importance in the prognosis, outcomes, and treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These biomarkers have the potential for clinical use; however, further studies with requisite data and sufficiently large trials are required to refine our understanding of their applicability. The prognostic significance of ctDNA and miRNA biomarkers in NSCLC care has demonstrated that liquid biopsy and molecular diagnostic testing may provide a feasible and noninvasive method for tailoring treatment plans to the specific mutational landscape of diverse NSCLC patients. However, further testing must be conducted to analyze the significance and benefit of ctDNA and miRNA biomarkers in larger cohorts and substantiate the standardization of liquid biopsy in clinical practice.
Necroptosis, a type of pathological and inflammatory cell death, resembles necrosis, the termination of function of a bodily tissue, but adopts a unique molecular pathway that is not like apoptosis, resulting in vastly different immunological consequences. Until recently, necroptosis was believed to mainly function as a protective mechanism that counteracts the viral barrier of apoptosis. However, mouse model studies have indicated that deficiency in elements of the apoptosis machinery such as caspase-8 or FADD can result in embryonic lethality driven by necroptosis. Previous studies using conditional depletion of cellular inhibitors of apoptosis (cIAPs) revealed that the necroptosis pathway is triggered under certain stressor conditions. These data support a new approach of targeting molecules within the cell death pathways to identify the origin of autoimmune diseases. Hence, distinguishing between these two types of cell death may prove crucial during pathologic evaluations. This review provides a detailed insight into the emerging discussion on the various forms of cell death and the essential roles which certain molecules play in the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. Armed with this knowledge, greater efforts can be targeted towards devising more effective treatments for interception of pathological diseases, prior to their uncontrollable progression.
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