A novel actinomycete, designated strain VN05A0561T , was isolated from plant litter collected at Ba Be National Park, Vietnam. The substrate mycelia and spore chains fragmented in a manner similar to nocardioform actinomycetes; the spores had smooth surfaces and were rodshaped. Strain VN05A0561 T had the following chemotaxonomic characteristics: mesodiaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan, arabinose and galactose as characteristic sugars, MK-8(H 4 ) as the major isoprenoid quinone, phosphatidylcholine as the diagnostic phospholipid and iso-C 16 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acid. Strain VN05A0561 T shared low levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (,97 %) with the type strains of recognized species of the genus Pseudonocardia and could be differentiated from its closest phylogenetic relatives based on phenotypic characteristics. These results suggested that strain VN05A0561 T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudonocardia, for which the name Pseudonocardia babensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is VN05A0561 T (5VTCC-A-The genus Pseudonocardia was established as a nocardioform actinomycete by Henssen (1957), and its description has been emended based on both chemotaxonomic and morphological variations (Reichert et al., 1998;Huang et al., 2002;Park et al., 2008). On the basis of the lack of mycolic acids and the presence of cell-wall type IV, the genera Amycolata (Lechevalier et al., 1986) and Pseudoamycolata were also proposed as nocardioform actinomycetes. However, the latter two genera were found to have chemotaxonomic properties similar to those of the genus Pseudonocardia (Kothe et al., 1989;Takeuchi et al., 1992), and were incorporated in the genus Pseudonocardia on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (Warwick et al., 1994;McVeigh et al., 1994). Subsequently, members of the genus Actinobispora (Jiang et al., 1991) were also transferred to the genus Pseudonocardia based on identification with the use of specific PCR primers, and re-analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences and menaquinones of the type species (Huang et al., 2002 Reichert et al., 1998;Gu et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2009).In the present study, a Pseudonocardia-like strain isolated from a plant litter sample collected during the course of a study on the diversity of actinomycetes inhabiting Vietnam (Sakiyama et al., 2009) was studied by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach.Plant litter samples were collected at the Ba Be National Park, Bac Kan, in the mountainous area of northern Vietnam. Samples were dried at room temperature for 5-7 days and subsequently used for isolation. Rehydration and centrifugation methods (Hayakawa et al., 2000) were employed for isolation by using humic acid-vitamin agar (Hayakawa & Nonomura, 1987) containing nalidixic acid (20 mg l 21) and kabicidine (0.75 mg l 21). Strain VN05A0561 T was isolated after incubation for more than 10 days at room temperature. Strain VN05A0561T was cultured on yeast extract-soluble starch medium (YS medium; per litre distilled water: 2 g yeast extract...
Objectives: To examine the safety of a BaciMix product, containing two strains of Bacillus subtilis BS 304.04 and Bacillus coagulans BC 304.06 on mice and rats. Materials and methods: The acute toxicity using the Litchfield-Wilcoxon method on Swiss mice and semi-chronic toxicity of the BaciMix product on Wistar rats was performed. Results: LD50 of the mice which were administered orally with the highest dose of 4 x 1011 CFU/kg of the product was not determined. The BaciMix product was well-tolerated and did not show any effects on the growth or food intake in animals. The differences in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobins, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, cholesterol, protein, bilirubin and creatinine were not statistically significant in rats serum dosed continuously for 28 days with of 1.68 x 109 CFU/kg and 8.4 x 109 CFU/kg of the product. In addition, no histopathological abnormalities or changes were observed in all the groups of animals. Conclusion: These results suggested that the BaciMix product could be safe for human use.
Chito-oligosaccharide (COS), one of remakable derivatives of chitosan, has almost chitosan’s biological function but better activities in antibacteria, antifungi and plant elicitor… Producing COS by biological enzymes shows many advantages in comparision with physical and chemical methods. In our study, COS was prepared using chitin/chitosan-hydrolyzing enzyme from actinomycetes. By analysis of 16S rDNA sequence, the enzyme producer VTCC 940003 belonged to Streptomyces macrosporeus. The strain’s ability to synthesize the enzyme having chitin/chitosan-hydrolyzing activity was first detected by agar plate method and then its activity equivalent to chitinase activity was determined using dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). The enzyme activity in the strain culture was 24 ± 0.05 U/ml. The COS was prepared by using the enzyme from S. macrosporeus VTCC 940003 to hydrolyze chitosan. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the obtained COS was mainly DP3-DP5. At the concentration of 0,3‰ the COS inhibited 98% of spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum after 24 hours and this activity remained after 48 hours.
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