Tetravalent cerium alkoxide complexes supported by the Klaüi tripodal ligand [Co(η 5 -C 5 H 5 ){P(O)(OEt) 2 } 3 ] − (L OEt − ) have been synthesized, and their nucleophilic and redox reactivity have been studied. Treatment of the Ce(IV) oxo complex [Ce IV (L OEt ) 2 (O)(H 2 O)]•MeCONH 2 (1) with i PrOH or reaction of [Ce IV (L OEt ) 2 Cl 2 ] (2) with Ag 2 O in i PrOH afforded the Ce(IV) dialkoxide complex [Ce IV (L OEt ) 2 (O i Pr) 2 ] (3-iPr). The methoxide and ethoxide analogues [Ce IV (L OEt ) 2 (OR) 2 ] (R = Me (3-Me), Et (3-Et)) have been prepared similarly from 2 and Ag 2 O in ROH. Reaction of 3-iPr with an equimolar amount of 2 yielded a new Ce(IV) complex that was formulated as the chloro-alkoxide complex [Ce IV (L OEt ) 2 (O i Pr)Cl] (4). Treatment of 3-iPr with HX and methyl triflate (MeOTf) afforded [Ce(L OEt ) 2 X 2 ] (X − = Cl − , NO 3 − , PhO − ) and [Ce IV (L OEt ) 2 (OTf) 2 ], respectively, whereas treatment with excess CO 2 in hexane led to isolation of the Ce(IV) carbonate [Ce IV (L OEt ) 2 (CO 3 )]. 3-iPr reacted with water in hexane to give a Ce(III) complex and a Ce(IV) species, presumably the reported tetranuclear oxo cluster [Ce IV 4 (L OEt ) 4 (O) 5 (OH) 2 ]. The Ce(IV) alkoxide complexes are capable of oxidizing substituted phenols, possibly via a protoncoupled electron transfer pathway. Treatment of 3-iPr with ArOH afforded the Ce(III) aryloxide complexes [Ce III (L OEt ) 2 (OAr)] (Ar = 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl (5), 2,6-diphenylphenyl ( 6)). On the other hand, a Ce(III) complex containing a monodeprotonated 2,2′-biphenol ligand, [Ce III (L OEt ) 2 ( t Bu 4 C 12 H 4 O 2 H)] (7) ( t Bu 4 C 12 H 4 O 2 H 2 = 4,4′,6,6′-tetra-tert-butyl-2,2′-biphenol), was isolated from the reaction of 3-iPr with 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. The crystal structures of complexes 3-iPr, 3-Me, 3-Et, and 5−7 have been determined.
Soybean crop losses due to fungal diseases are considerable and directly depend on the severity of the disease. The objective of this study was to assess antifungal activity of silver/silica (Ag/SiO2) nanocomposite against crop pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporium and Rhizoctonia solani) in soybean farming. Firstly, silica particles with a size ranging from 20 to 30 nm were modified with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) for 2 h. Then these amino acid - functionalized silica particles were exposed to silver ion solution followed by reduction of silver ions with sodium borohydride to form Ag/SiO2 nanocomposite. The formation of the linkage between APTES and silica particles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface plasmon absorption maximum at 400 nm confirmed the nano essence of the silver particles on silica particles. For the seed coating, bentonite from Lam Dong deposit, Vietnam, was used as an encapsulation substance, while carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used as a binding agent. The assessment of fungicidal activity of the Ag/SiO2 nanocomposite produced showed that this product is effective in inhibition of the pathogenic fungi in soybean plant.
This paper studies two novel productivity characteristics of foreign acquisition on high-tech manufacturing firms: the dynamic and the non-Hicks-neutral effects. A dynamic productivity effect of foreign ownership arises when adoption of foreign technology and management practices takes time to fully realize. Furthermore, these dynamic adjustments may be capital or labor augmenting as adoption of advanced production technologies tends to have non-neutral productivity implications in developed countries. We propose and implement an econometric framework to estimate both effects using firmlevel data from China's manufacturing sector. Our framework extends the nonparametric productivity framework developed by Gandhi, Navarro and Rivers (2020), in which identification is achieved using a firm's first-order conditions and timing assumptions. We find strong evidence of dynamic and nonneutral effects from foreign ownership, with significant differences across investment sources.Investment from OECD sources is found to provide a long-term productivity boost for all but the largest recipients, while that from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan does not raise performance. These findings have implications for China's declining labor share and for the rising domestic value-added content of its high-tech exports.
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