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To evaluate the distribution pattern of renal diseases based on needle biopsy, we analyzed 2361 cases of renal biopsy and necropsy material examined at the Department of Pathology from 1973 to 1988. The average age was 21.1 years for males and 23.7 years for females. The adult cases comprised 60.2% and the child cases 39.8%. The male to female ratio was 1.6: 1 in adults and 2.3:1 in children. Glomerular diseases were 97.8% of the total; primary glomerulonephritis (GN) 59.8% and secondary GN 27.6% The major glomerular diseases, in descending order of frequency, were; minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS; 24.2%), IgA nephropathy (IgAN; 17.8%), benign recurrent hematuria (BRH; 8.8%), membranous GN (MGN; 7.9%), acute poststreptococcal GN (APSGN; 7.3%), mesangioproliferative GN (MspGN; 5.5%), minimal mesangiopathy (5.5%), membranoproliferative GN(4.1%), and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS; 2.7%). GN of systemic disease included 77 cases of lupus nephritis, 157 cases of Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) and 7 cases of systemic infection excluding Hepatitis B viral hepatitis. The most common glomerular diseases were MCNS, IgAN, MGN and MspGN in adults, and MCNS, BRH, HSP-N and APSGN in children. HBs antigenemia was found in 71 cases, of which MGN and IgAN were the most frequent. HBs antigenemia-associated MGN was prevalent in male children, whereas IgAN was prevalent in adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The creation of well‐defined homochiral helical ribbon structures in gel phase is presented. This is the first example of direct and complete control of microscopic and macroscopic helicity in the gel phase by application of the “sergeants‐and‐soldiers” principle by using an achiral gelator and a chiral trigger (see graphic).

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Self-assembly is a powerful tool for constructing various types of nano-and microstructures. Uniform self-assembled tubular structures can potentially be applied in the controlled generation of novel nano-or microscopic materials and devices. 1 Moreover, hollow tubular structures are abundant in nature and perform diverse biological functions. 2 Therefore, considerable attention is currently being focused on the fabrication of uniform tubular structures. Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes, 3 there have been reports on a variety of inorganic 4 and organic tubules. 5 Among them, selfassembled organic tubular structures have a lot of advantages such as a low-temperature fabrication process and easy modification.Recently, there has been enormous interest in the development of a low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) for use in organic solvents. 6 The gelation process is accompanied by one-dimensional growth of the gelator in various types of fibers, strands, tapes, and tubes. There are an increasing number of reports about nanotubular structures being developed in the gelation process. 7 However, uniform microtubular structures are still rare. 8 In contrast with single LMWG gel systems, new gelation systems using two components have been developed. 9 In these systems, two components that serve as gelators are held together by noncovalent interactions. The most important feature of the two-component systems is the ease with which the properties and structures of the gel can be modulated by changing the molar ratio of the two components or by changing one of the two components. Excellent examples have been reported by Smith et al. 9a-g They used a dendritic building block based on an amino acid in combination with an aliphatic diamine and examined the properties and structures of the resulting gel. In this study, we report a two-component gel system in which an amphiphile group and aromatic cores act as organic gelators by the process of self-assembly. The shape and size of the aromatic cores have a pronounced effect on the gel properties and on structures such as fibers and microtubules.A two-component gel system is composed of aromatic cores (AC1, AC2) and amphiphile groups (AG1, AG2) (See Scheme 1). We have selected phenyl-and naphthyl-based aromatic groups (AC1, AC2). These two aromatic molecules are different in shape and size and are expected to show different packing patterns and strength when combined with the amphiphile groups. The aromatic core has amine groups, which are able to interact with the benzoic acid of the amphiphile group using hydrogen bonds. The amphiphile group is composed of four parts: a carboxylic acid, amide group, long alkyl chain (dodecyl), and phenyl ring. Benzoic acid forms a hydrogen bond with the amine group of the aromatic core. The amide groups act as additional hydrogen-bonding sites to enable further assembly of the complex between AC and AG. AG1 has one alkyl group, while AG2 has two alkyl groups.The gelation behavior of the complexes between AC and AG were tested in various or...

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CKD-516 is a novel agent with vascular disrupting properties and enhances anti-tumor activity in combination with chemotherapy.