The high‐temperature measurements of elastic constants and related temperature derivatives of nine minerals of interest to geophysical and geochemical theories of the Earth's interior are reviewed and discussed. A number of correlations between these parameters, which have application to geophysical problems, are also presented. Of especial interest is α, the volume coefficient of thermal expansion, and a section is devoted to this physical property. Here we show how α can be estimated at very high temperatures and how it varies with density. An estimate of α for Mg‐perovskite at deep‐mantle conditions is made. The formula for the Grüneisen ratio γ as a function of V and T is presented, including plots of the numerical values of γ over a wide T and V range. An example calculation of γ for MgO is made. The high‐T‐high‐P values of γ calculated here agree well with results from the ab initio method of calculation for MgO. The use of the thermoelastic parameters is reviewed, showing application to the understanding of thermal pressure, thermal expansivity, enthalpy, and entropy. We review an extrapolation formula to determine Ks, the adiabatic bulk modulus, at very high T. We show that the thermal pressure is quite linear with T up to high temperatures (∼1800 K), and, as a consequence, the anharmonic contribution to the Helmholtz free energy is sufficiently small, so that it can and should be ignored in thermodynamic calculations for mantle conditions.

[1] We retrieve three-dimensional structures of isotropic and anisotropic velocities of P-waves of the Tohoku district from first P-arrival time data, assuming azimuthal anisotropy to be caused by hexagonal symmetry axes distributed horizontally in the Earth. The results show that the high-velocity Pacific slab is clearly imaged in the isotropic velocity structure, even though the azimuthal anisotropy is taken into account. In addition, small-scale low-velocity regions and prominent low-velocity anomalies are found just below the active volcanoes and in the mantle wedge above the high-velocity Pacific slab, respectively. The fast propagation axis of P-waves is in mostly E-W direction in the upper crust, nearly N-S and E-W directions in the lower crust, E-W direction in the mantle wedge, and N-S direction in the descending Pacific slab. These features of the P-wave anisotropy structure are consistent with those of lateral variations of the fast polarization directions measured previously by shear-wave splitting observations. The plausible factor that causes the crust anisotropy is interpreted as being alignment or preferred orientation of microcracks and crust minerals. The mantle wedge anisotropy is attributed to lattice preferred orientation of the mantle minerals arising from present-day mantle process such as the mantle wedge convection and the plate motion. However, the fast propagation axis of P-waves in the slab is almost perpendicular to the magnetic lineation of the oceanic plate under the northwest Pacific, and thus the slab preserves the original anisotropic property that the Pacific plate gained when it formed.Citation: Ishise, M., and H. Oda (2005), Three-dimensional structure of P-wave anisotropy beneath the Tohoku district, northeast Japan,

Abstract. We present new high temperature elasticity data on two grossular garnet specimens. One specimen is single-crystal, of nearly endmember grossular, the other is polycrystalline with about 22% molar andradite. Our data extend the high temperature regime for which any garnet elasticity data are available from 1000 to 1350 K and the compositional range of temperature data to near endmember grossular. We also present new data on the thermal expansivity of calcium-rich garnet. We find virtually no discernable differences in the temperature T derivatives at ambient conditions of the isotropic bulk Ks and shear # moduli when comparing our results between these two specimens. These calcium-rich garnets have the lowest values of [(3Ks/OT)eI=(1.47, 1.49) x l0-2GPa/K, and among the highest values of I(0#/0T)e[= 1.25 x 10 -2 GPa/K, when compared with other garnets. Small, but measurable, nonlinear temperature dependences of most of the elastic moduli are observed. Several dimensionless parameters are computed with the new data and used to illustrate the effects of different assumptions on elastic equations of state extrapolated to high temperatures. We discuss how dimensionless parameters and other systematic considerations can be useful in estimating the temperature dependence of some properties of garnet phases for which temperature data are not yet available. While we believe it is premature to quantitatively predict the temperature variation of Ks and/~ for majorite garnets, our results have bearing on the amount of diopside required to explain the shear velocity gradients in Earth's transition zone.

In a recent study (Goltz, J.S., Wolkoff, A.W., Novikoff, P.M., Stockert, R.J., and Satir, P. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 7026-7030), we found that ligand- and receptor-containing endocytic vesicles bind to endogenous microtubules in vitro after 60 min of receptor-mediated endocytosis of asialo-orosomucoid. In the presence of ATP, ligand-containing endocytic vesicles are released from microtubules, while those containing receptor are not. We hypothesized that cytoplasmic dynein may associate with ligand-containing, but not receptor-containing, domains of endocytic vesicles and might be involved in the movement of ligand-containing vesicles along microtubules during sorting of ligand from receptor. Direct evidence in support of this hypothesis has been obtained in the present study. Binding of ligand-containing vesicles to microtubules correlates highly (p < 0.001) with binding of dynein, but not kinesin, under a variety of conditions. Binding of receptor-containing vesicles to microtubules is independent of both cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin binding. Tight association of cytoplasmic dynein with a population of ligand-containing vesicles is seen directly by immunoprecipitation. These results support the view that in receptor-mediated endocytosis, ligand-containing vesicles become bound to microtubules by cytoplasmic dynein. While receptor domains of endosomes remain attached to microtubules in an ATP-independent manner, ligand-containing domains might be moved away toward pericentrosomal lysosomes by this motor molecule.