PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway is important in the regulation of angiogenesis mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor in many tumors including leukemia. The signaling pathway is activated in leukemia patients as well as leukemia cell lines together with a decrease in the expression of PTEN gene. The mechanism by which the signaling pathway regulates angiogenesis remains to be further elucidated. However, it has become an attractive target for drug therapy against leukemia, because angiogenesis is a key process in malignant cell growth. In this paper, we will focus on the roles and mechanisms of PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway in regulating angiogenesis.
Abstract. Protein kinase AKT mediates cell proliferation and survival signals, and also contributes to cancer progression. Increased expression and/or activation of AKT is involved in a variety of human cancers. In cells treated with sage or rosemary extract, mRNA and protein expression levels of AKT1 were reduced compared with those of the control cells 48 h after the herbal treatments. We found that terpinolene, a common component of sage and rosemary, markedly reduced the protein expression of AKT1 in K562 cells and inhibited cell proliferation.
Establishment of cell lines representative of honeybee character would greatly assist in their analysis. Here, we show that immortalized cell line, designated as MYN9, has been generated from honeybee embryo by the gene transfer of human c-myc proto-oncogene. The morphology of the cell is characteristic of embryonic stem cell, although the cell is stable and does not spontaneously differentiate. Polymerase chain reaction analyses show that the cell is originated from authentic honeybee cell. It is proposed that the integration of human c-myc gene into honeybee precursor populations results in the establishment of stable cell line suitable for cellular and molecular studies.
a b s t r a c tRUN domain is present in several proteins related to the functions of Rap and Rab family GTPases. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that RUN domain-containing proteins act as a component of vesicle traffic and might be responsible for an interaction with a filamentous network linked to actin cytoskeleton or microtubules. That is to say, on one hand, RUN domains associate with Rab or Rap family proteins, on the other hand, they also might interact with motor proteins such as kinesin or myosin via intervention molecules. In this review, we summarize the background and current status of RUN domain research with an emphasis on the interaction between RUN domain and motor proteins with respect to the vesicle traffic on filamentous network.
Abstract. In the present study, we aimed to determine the effects of herbs or spices on the expression of presenilin 1, a molecule involved in γ-secretase activity and the generation of amyloid-β peptide in Alzheimer's disease. Western blot analysis revealed that presenilin 1 protein expression was down-regulated by stimulation with turmeric or cinnamon extracts in vitro, while the effects on presenilin 1 gene expression examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were unaltered. Our results showed that curcumin, a component of turmeric, induced the down-regulation of presenilin 1 protein in Jurkat and K562 cell lines. IntroductionAlzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease caused by amyloid-β accumulation in brain cells combined with oxidative stress and inflammation (1,2). Neurotoxic amyloid-β is an approximately 4-kDa peptide generated via cleavage of the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) by the γ-secretase proteolytic complex (3). Presenilin is the catalytic member of the γ-secretase complex, and mutations in presenilin are the major cause of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Presenilin is involved in several biological functions, but is well known for its role in the generation of the amyloid-β peptide in Alzheimer's disease and is therefore thought to be an important drug target for this disorder. Thus, an increased understanding of Presenilin may help to improve the development of drugs for Alzheimer's disease and for other neurological diseases (4).Certain herbs have been demonstrated to possess a multitude of beneficial activities, and herbal medications are currently being used for widespread clinical use in disease therapy, as herbs exhibit relatively mild bioavailability and low toxicity (5). As for Alzheimer's disease, polyphenols extracted from grape seeds have been found to inhibit amyloid-β aggregation, reduce amyloid-β production and protect against amyloid-β neurotoxicity in vitro (6,7). In addition, cryptotanshinone (CTS), an active component of the medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been shown to improve learning and memory in several pharmacological models of Alzheimer's disease (8). Further research demonstrated that CTS improved the cognitive ability and promoted APP metabolism involving the non-amyloidogenic product pathway in rat cortical neuronal cells. Moreover, as the Indian diet is rich in herbs and spices, the incidence of Alzheimer's disease in India is considerably low (9,10). However, the precise molecular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of medicinal herbs and spices are largely undefined, and limited data and a small body of convincing evidence exist at the molecular level (11). Therefore, basic research and development aimed at elucidating the mechanism of action underlying herbal effects should have high priority. We hypothesized that various herbs or spices may affect the γ-secretase proteolytic function. Therefore, we investigated the in vitro effect of several herbs on the expression of presenilin 1 in cultured human cells. Material...
Tobacco smoke and radioactive radon gas impose a high risk for lung cancer. The radon-derived ionizing radiation and some components of cigarette smoke induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Respiratory lung cells are subject to the ROS that causes DNA breaks, which subsequently bring about DNA mutagenesis and are intimately linked with carcinogenesis. The damaged cells by oxidative stress are often destroyed through the active apoptotic pathway. However, the ROS also perform critical signaling functions in stress responses, cell survival, and cell proliferation. Some molecules enhance radiation-induced tumor cell killing via the reduction in DNA repair levels. Hence the DNA repair levels may be a novel therapeutic modality in overcoming drug resistance in lung cancer. Either survival or apoptosis, which is determined by the balance between DNA damage and DNA repair levels, may lender the major problems in cancer therapy. The purpose of this paper is to take a closer look at risk factor and at therapy modulation factor in lung cancer relevant to the ROS.
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