Contact behavior in a public space influences the risk of contact infection because public spaces have many environmental surfaces contaminated with pathogens. It is useful for risk reduction to examine the factor of infection risk among behaviors. In the present study, a video monitoring survey was conducted in a simulated cabin of a commuter train, we had built, to investigate the relationship between face-touching frequencies and individual attributes. As a result, the average face-touching frequency was 17.8 times per hour. Of all face touches, mucosal contact was 42.2%. Focusing on the sex, the face-touching frequency was significantly higher for the males than for the females. Focusing on the skin condition, the face-touching frequency of those who did not wear makeup was significantly higher than that of those who did. The significant sex differences may depend on the makeup. Focusing on pollution awareness, higher pollution awareness related to lower frequency. Thus, by improving pollution awareness of the environmental surfaces in public spaces, it is possible to reduce effectively face-touching frequency and, hence, infection risk.
The purpose of this paper is to consider the living environment for health promotion focusing on chronic pain such as the low back pain and shoulder stiffness, that many Japanese people suffer from. The questionnaire survey was conducted with 5000 adult women with a history of pain. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that living environment, activity of daily life including housework and chronic pain consisted of 27 items and five factors: " Chronic Pain ", " Stress and Fatigue ", " Total Hours of Housework ", " Enjoying Housework " and " Satisfaction of Living Environment ". Covariance structural analysis revealed the following thing. (1) Four subscales accounted for 73% of the "Chronic Pain." (2) "Stress and Fatigue" have affected "Chronic Pain" greatly. (3) "Enjoying Housework" and "Satisfaction of Living Environment" affected directly on "Chronic Pain" slightly. (4) However, more than it, "Enjoying Housework" and "Satisfaction of Living Environment" affected on "Stress and Fatigue" greatly. As a result, "Chronic Pain" is improved greatly indirectly.
We developed a cough machine that can generate human-like cough to evaluate the infection risk in indoor environments. The cough expired volume, propagation distance and velocity of cough, total mass of droplets and droplet size were compared with experimental results of subjects. Using the cough machine, the droplet deposition on horizontal surfaces and the position of facial mucous membranes were measured. It was shown that the number of droplet deposited on the facial mucous membranes decreased drastically over 90 cm. On horizontal surfaces, the droplet deposited most at 50-60 cm and over 90% of the droplet deposited within 90 cm.
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