This study examined whether maternal nutritional intake and breast milk macronutrient content influence the weight of breastfed infants. We investigated 129 healthy mothers with singleton babies born from July 2016 to December 2017 in a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Information was obtained by a self-administered food frequency questionnaire at 1 (valid response n = 92; mean age, 34 years) and 3 (n = 57) months after delivery. Breast milk was sampled at 1 and 3 months and the macronutrient contents were analyzed. The average pre-pregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy were 20.7 ± 2.6 kg/m2 and 9.6 ± 3.7 kg, respectively. At 1 month, average maternal calorie intake was 1993 ± 417 kcal/day, which was lower than the intake recommended by Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes for breastfeeding mothers. There were no significant differences with regard to maternal calorie and protein intake, and breast milk macronutrient content between breastfed infants with weight above and below the 25th percentile of its distribution at both 1 and 3 months. This study suggests that suboptimal calorie intake by breastfeeding mothers and breast milk macronutrient content were not associated with weight of their infants at 1 and 3 months after delivery.

Background Many trace elements are essential for infant growth and development during early life. Their concentrations in breast milk vary depending on social and economic factors. Nonetheless, the present available values in Japan were derived from lactating mothers approximately 15 years ago. Methods Healthy mothers who gave birth to a single infant after 37 weeks of gestation at Teikyo University Hospital were recruited between July 2016 and December 2017. They were encouraged to collect breast milk samples and a self‐administered food frequency questionnaire at 1 and 3 months postpartum. Anthropometric data for the mothers and their infants were also collected. Overall, 79 subjects were analyzed after excluding subjects with inadequate data in the food frequency questionnaire, insufficient breast milk samples, and medication that could affect dietary intakes. Trace element concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and their correlation with several factors were investigated. Results Trace element concentrations were widely distributed as previously reported. Median concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mo were 0.8, 0.8, 98, 50, 272, 2.2, and 0.7 µg/dL at 1 month postpartum and 0.6, 0.7, 55, 33, 177, 2.1, and 0.7 µg/dL at 3 months postpartum, respectively. There were no correlations between trace element concentrations and either mothers’ intakes or infants’ growth. In contrast, there were significant correlations between several trace elements and macronutrients in addition to inter‐element correlations among almost all trace elements. Conclusions Trace element concentrations in mature breast milk were determined from recently lactating mothers in Japan.

Background: Body image self-discrepancy reflects a preference for weight loss regardless of normal body size and is a distorted cognition that may be a precursor to eating disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with body image self-discrepancy among healthy junior high school students in Japan.Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at one junior high school in Saitama, Japan, in December 2016. After excluding obese participants (defined as 20% above their ideal weight), 304 students (mean age, 13.9years; n=181 girls, 59.5%) who fell into underweight (n=22, 7.2%) and normal weight categories were selected. Body image self-discrepancy was measured using the Contour Drawing Rating Scale which includes eight separate figures representing body sizes. We then calculated the difference by subtracting ideal from current body sizes and defined body image self-discrepancy if the difference >1.Results: Girls constituted 92% (n=49) of the 53 students with body image self-discrepancy. In all students, multivariable stepwise models demonstrated that female gender (OR, 6.92, 95% CI: 2.33–20.51), a calorie-restricted diet (OR, 5.18, 95% CI: 2.22–12.05), and psychological symptoms (OR, 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15–1.87) were significantly associated with an increased risk of body image self-discrepancy. Specifically for girls, an increased risk of body image self-discrepancy was associated with calorie-restricted suppers and psychological symptoms.Conclusion: Body image self-discrepancy among healthy adolescents in Japan was found to be closely linked to being a girl, having a calorie-restricted diet, and having psychological symptoms.

清水 伸幸 1) ， 8) ，畑尾 史彦 1) ，深柄 和彦 2) ，大谷 幸子 3) ，関根 里恵 3) ， 朝倉比都美 4) ，岡本 智子 5) ，稲葉 毅 6) ，柴田 近 7) ，福島 亮治 6) ， 佐々木 巌 7) ，瀬戸 泰之 1) 20 75 4

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