Early diagnosis of oral cancers, one of the major cancers, is of utmost importance as 5-year disease-free survival rates are some of the lowest, despite advances in treatment and surgical modalities. In vivo Raman spectroscopy has shown efficacy in the detection of normal, premalignant and malignant lesions and even of early changes such as cancer-field-effects/malignancy-associated-changes. However, the need for a dedicated instrument and stringent laboratory conditions, at all diagnostic centers, limits wide screening applications of this method. In light of this, it is pertinent to explore ex vivo samples like serum due to its ease of collection, storage, transport and analysis at a centralized facility. Hence, Raman studies were carried out on serum from 14 buccal mucosa and 40 tongue cancers as well as 16 healthy control samples. Spectral features indicate differential contributions of proteins, DNA, and amino acids like Phe, Trp and Tyr and β-carotene in the analyzed groups. Highly intense Raman bands assigned to β-carotene could be due to resonance Raman, and were observed in all sera with the highest relative intensity in normal samples. Higher DNA and protein content were observed in the mean cancer spectra. Principal component-linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA) followed by cross-validation using leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) were employed for data analysis which was carried out both spectra- and patient-wise. Findings indicate the possibility of classifying normal and oral cancer sera in both these approaches; however, the patient-wise approach could be the preferred mode for prospective studies. Besides, a tendency of classification for buccal mucosa and tongue cancers was also observed. Prospective validation of these results on a large sample size may help in the translation of this methodology to clinics.
We demonstrate a simple technique to transfer chemical vapour deposited (CVD) graphene from copper and platinum substrates using a soak-and-peel delamination technique utilizing only hot deionized water. The lack of chemical etchants results in cleaner CVD graphene films minimizing unintentional doping, as confirmed by Raman and electrical measurements. The process allows the reuse of substrates and hence can enable the use of oriented substrates for growth of higher quality graphene, and is an inherently inexpensive and scalable process for large-area production.
La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) is a mixed-valent room temperature ferromagnet with properties that are attractive for their applicability in biomedicine. We report, for the first time, immobilization of commonly used biocompatible molecules on LSMO nanoparticles, namely bovine serum albumin and dextran. The former was conjugated to LSMO using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)-carbodiimide (CDI) as a coupling agent while the latter was used without any coupler. These bioconjugated nanoparticles exhibit several properties that suggest their applicability in the field of biomedicine, namely (a) no changes in the Curie temperature at ∼360 K after conjugation with biomolecules, (b) rapid attainment of the desired temperature (48 °C) at low concentration (e.g. fluidized dextran-coated system at 80 µg ml−1) upon exposure to 20 MHz radio-frequency, (c) extremely low cytotoxicity in skin carcinoma, human fibrosarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines and (d) high stability of the LSMO system with negligible leaching of ionic manganese into the delivery medium, indicating their safety in possible human applications.
BackgroundImaging tools such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) can be used to produce high-resolution topographic images of biomedical specimens and hence are well suited for imaging alterations in cell morphology. We have studied the correlation of SMAR1 expression with cell surface smoothness in cell lines as well as in different grades of human breast cancer and mouse tumor sections.MethodsWe validated knockdown and overexpression of SMAR1 using RT-PCR as well as Western blotting in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293, human breast cancer (MCF-7) and mouse melanoma (B16F1) cell lines. The samples were then processed for cell surface roughness studies using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The same samples were used for microarray analysis as well. Tumors sections from control and SMAR1 treated mice as well as tissues sections from different grades of human breast cancer on poly L-lysine coated slides were used for AFM and SEM studies.ResultsTumor sections from mice injected with melanoma cells showed pronounced surface roughness. In contrast, tumor sections obtained from nude mice that were first injected with melanoma cells followed by repeated injections of SMAR1-P44 peptide, exhibited relatively smoother surface profile. Interestingly, human breast cancer tissue sections that showed reduced SMAR1 expression exhibited increased surface roughness compared to the adjacent normal breast tissue. Our AFM data establishes that treatment of cells with SMAR1-P44 results into increase in cytoskeletal volume that is supported by comparative gene expression data showing an increase in the expression of specific cytoskeletal proteins compared to the control cells. Altogether, these findings indicate that tumor suppressor function of SMAR1 might be exhibited through smoothening of cell surface by regulating expression of cell surface proteins.ConclusionTumor suppressor protein SMAR1 might be used as a phenotypic differentiation marker between cancerous and non-cancerous cells.
Silver nanoprisms of different sizes influence fluorescence enhancement in YVO4:Eu(3+) nanoparticles to various degrees under excitation of green light (532 nm). The local field generated by silver nanoprisms and their dimers is simulated through the FDTD method and a direct correlation with fluorescence enhancement is established.
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