Spam detection is one of the major problems which considered by many researchers by different developed strategies. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is one of many others being proposed. However designing an ANN is a difficult task as it requires setting of ANN structure and tuning of some complex parameters. In this study, ANN was hybridized with Genetic algorithm (GA) in order to optimize the performance of ANN for spam detection. GA was used to determine some ANN parameters and suggest optimum weights to efficiently enhance the ANN learning. Experimental results show that the hybrid ANN and GA has superior performance when compared to conventional ANN.
The reliability of the production is essential in offshore operations. Producing a well at its maximum rate is important everywhere. This is often compromised by having sand and fines production which not only plugs the wells and reduce production rate but also erode the equipment and settle in surface vessels. This paper describes a case history where an operator was faced with a well that was rate limited because of fines and sand production. An advanced sand control chemistry system was proposed and a treatment was designed. In April 2013, the treatment was performed by bullheading down the production tubing using rate diversion. Extensive engineering was involved in the candidate selection and planning the operational aspects of the treatment. The execution of the treatment was divided into stages – sand clean out, performing step rate test, pre-job modeling and pumping the treatment as per the design. After the treatment, the well was flowed and tested at almost three times the original maximum sand-free rate (MSFR) at an increased choke without sand production. The well has now been flowing for more than a year, at significantly higher rate than the previous MSFR sand free. This paper describes the chemistry of the sand conglomeration, design consideration, execution and the effect on well performance.
Gas Lift has been applied in the oil field for more than 70 years, despite the new technology and developments there is always more optimization that can be done. In this paper we are giving a leading example of one of the oldest gas lift projects in gulf of Suez that has been running for more than 50 years where 540 MMSCFD being pumped on daily basis to produce more than 200 wells as of today. the experience in this field is quite historical but the question is always persisting are we making best use of lift gas volumes and pressure, does every well have the optimum design and receives the optimum gas lift rate. One more important question will be how to prioritize interventions and optimization operations to target wells with highest value. In order to assess the overall gas lift performance of the field an innovative dashboard was created including Key performance indicators that reflect benchmarking of Lift Gas Consumption compared with historical Performance of the field. This should spot the light to the field with lowest efficiency and most probably it is expected higher return of production if we dedicate efforts to this field. Moreover creating wells dashboard has valued new Key Performance indicators with New Diagnostic Graphs that was not given attention by the industry before. Having these diagnostic Plots allowed benchmarking performance of wells for similar reservoir, completion type, gas lift design and sand face completion. Using this technique, it became easy to detect wells with higher potential of production with proper gas lift intervention. Although Analytics can give some guidance on the required actions to enhance production of wells knowing the basic design, having the analytics coupled with Integarated Network modelling and well models added more value to the project. Data Driven Gas Lift Optimization approach was applied since Oct. 2021 in an extensive approach over GOS, the approach succeeded to define more than 74 Optimization and Intervention Opportunities 45 of them were actually intervened in less than a year and added more than 4000 BOPD to production capacity. It was not a surprise that some of historically known underperforming wells were interpreted underperforming for other reasons than gas lift in-efficiency but using Gas lift Analytics re-analysis of the system showed huge value for gas lift intervention in these wells and succeeded to revive them. Data Analytics and Data driven gas lift optimization is proved a huge leap in managing gas lift fields and keeping the system running closer to optimum.
Organic Chloride is organic compound that have chlorine atoms as part of its chemical composition. Over the last four years, there has been continuous increase of number of research papers addressing the corrosion impact of organic chlorides in processes that includes high temperature like distillation towers. Where chlorine atoms start to detach and form free radicals in moisture wetting metal surfaces and result in severe corrosion of distillation towers. The Fact that led regulatory agencies to set a threshold number for maximum allowable content of organic chloride in crude beyond which crude is either not accepted or depreciated. That puts pressure on oil producers to maintain acceptable levels of organic chloride content. Companies working in Refineries are more familiar with organic chlorides than upstream operators are. Having the regulatory agencies pushing on setting limits on maximum allowable content of organic chlorides in crude. Now many operators are looking for a way to keep monitoring OC within limits and to define potential sources. Organic Chlorides rarely naturally exist in crude oil. That means there should be external source to contaminate crude such as chemicals used during the extensive operations in the oil field from drilling chemicals, stimulation, production, process, ETC. A leading example from Gulf of Suez, late 2021 a concern was raised on organic chlorides levels in crude of one of the prolific fields and the risk was to have negative impact on crude oil pricing. The risk would be dramatic on the large scale since all crude from different fields gather at the processing facilities then goes to same storage tank. An integrated Multidisciplinary in house task force team was formed to investigate the root causes for OC levels. The team reviewed MSDS of all chemicals consumed in all operations, qualified a Lab from Local Market for testing OC in crude Following ASTM D4929. Developed a comprehensive sampling and tracing strategy to be able to trace back to root causes. Over 5 Months of Monitoring, tracing and correlation between ongoing daily operations and OC levels. In addition to testing chemicals for OC. It was concluded that batches of organic solvent from one supplier are contaminated by OC. Contaminated Batches were quarantined and not used for daily operations. Another supplier was qualified for temporary supply of this type of solvent. As a result of the deep investigation a set of lessons learnt and recommended practices were generated and communicated with different disciplines for awareness and compliance to maintain OC levels manageable. Which in return saved operator company from the risk of depreciation of Crude oil price. Testing Chemicals with organic components are key for eliminating OC in crude and this should be done in Batch basis.
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