The ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) were domesticated from Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). While the ducks bred in Japan and European countries are supposed to originate from the ducks in China and Southeast Asian countries, respectively, the molecular phylogeny of these ducks has not been studied. We herein showed the phylogenetic relationship from the nucleotide sequences within the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene of +2 breed ducks. In this phylogenetic relationship, Japanese and Chinese ducks were found to belong to the same clade distinct from the clade containing European and Southeast Asian ducks. This finding demonstrates the heretofore supposed fact that domesticated ducks in China and Southeast Asian countries have been distributed to Japan and European countries, respectively. In addition, this phylogenetic tree revealed that the genetic constitution of Southeast Asian ducks is distinctly di#erent from that of Northeast Asian ducks.
Restriction fragment length polymorphic markers in the chicken growth hormone (GH) gene were tested for their association with egg production traits. Alleles of GH were determined in 3 non‐inbred strains from different genetic bases. The frequency of PS1 (+) allele in the three strains was very low in contrast to the layer strain previously reported. Results of the present study indicate that the frequency of PS (+) is related to egg production and that the PS1 (+) allele may be used as a genetic marker for selection in egg production.
Japanese native chiken population is newly found in southern region of Ehime Prefecture in Shikoku. The measurments of external traits and the collecting of blood samples from 121 birds were performed. Size of the chickens was small, weighing 1,091 g for adult males and 796g for adult females. The population varied in plumage and skin colors more than the Tosajidori, one of the oldest Japanese native chicken breed, and originating in Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku. High frequencies of C, e+, s, Mo, w and ld were always ovserved in the five polymorphic loci of the population, whereas these loci were monomorphic in the Tosajidori. Blood samples were analyzed for protein polymorphisms by starch gel or polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis. Polymorphisms were observed in nine loci, that is Tf, Alb, PasA, Akp, Akp-2, Es-1, Amy-1, Ct and 6-PGD. A dendrogram based on genetic distances was drawn to elucidate phylogenetic relationships of 44 breeds or populations of the chickens. Relative close relations were ovserved among the Ehime native chicken population, the Tosajidori, the Ohiki (the Minohikichabo) and the Koshamo. The Tosajidoris in ealier days were much more polymorphic in plumage, skin and ear lobe colors, and were similar to the Ehime native population. The present feature of the population may reflect a prototype of the Tosajidori. It is suggested that the Ehime native chicken population (which we propose to name the Ehimejidori) and Tosajidori deriverd from a commom ancester..
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