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Rapid industrialization in East Asia is causing adverse effects due to atmospheric deposition in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Decreasing stream pH and alkalinity and increasing NO 3 -concentrations were observed throughout the 1990s in the forested Lake Ijira catchment in central Japan. We investigated these changes using data on atmospheric deposition, soil chemistry, stream water chemistry, and forest growth. Average atmospheric depositions (wet ? dry) of 0.83, 0.57, and 1.37 kmol ha -1 year -1 for hydrogen, sulfur, and nitrogen, respectively, were among the highest levels in Japan. Atmospheric deposition generally decreased before 1994 and increased thereafter. The catchment was acidsensitive; stream alkalinity was low (134 lmol c l -1 ) and pH in surface mineral soils decreased from 4.5 in 1990 to 3.9 in 2003. Stream NO 3 -concentration nearly doubled (from 22 to 42 lmol c l -1 ) from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. Stream NO 3 -concentration was

In order to realize a multicolor display, we tried to pattern three different colors to make pixels by using ink‐jet technology. Light emitting polymer, poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV), was successfully formulated into inks for ink‐jet printing. Those inks showed a good ink‐jetting behavior and became a good light emitting film. By combining the ink‐jet printing with the self‐patterning ability of the substrate, in which the hydrophilic and hydrophobic region is alternately constructed, an ink droplet can be patterned into the narrow pixel gap of 10 μm with precision of 1 μm order. We developed stacked structures combining PPV with Polyfluorene. It was confirmed that energy conversion from the wider gap layer to the smaller one occurred. As a result, we demonstrated the three color electroluminescence from the small pixels. This is the first demonstration of the fine pixel patterning of the multicolor light emitting polymers by ink‐jet technology.

Since 1983, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan has conducted nation-wide acid deposition surveys. To investigate the effects of acid deposition on surface water, we used the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test to find temporal trends in pH, alkalinity, and electrical conductivity (EC) in more than 10 years of data collected from five lakes and their catchments (Lake Kuttara: northernmost; Lake Kamakita: near Tokyo; Lake Ijira: central; Lake Banryu: western; and Lake Unagiike: southernmost). The pH of Lake Ijira water has declined slightly since the mid-1990s, corresponding with the downward trends seen in the pH and alkalinity of the river water flowing into the lake. There were significant upward trends in the EC of both the lake and stream water; the same trends were also found for NO À 3 concentrations. These trends show evidence of acidification due to atmospheric deposition, and this is the first such finding in Japan based on significant long-term trends. Lake Ijira is located about 40 km north of the Chukyo industrial area near Nagoya. The annual depositions of H + , nss-SO 2À 4 , and NO À 3 in Lake Ijira were among the highest of all deposition monitoring sites, suggesting that this is the main cause of the Water Air Soil Pollut: Focus (2007) 7: [259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266]

We tested two methods for dating groundwaters that cannot be reliably measured by 36 Cl dating alone, one based on groundwater flow velocity plus distance along a flow path and the other based on 4 He accumulation rates calibrated with 36 Cl dates. We sampled groundwaters along six inferred regional groundwater flow paths in the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) of Australia. We selected three groundwater paths where the decrease in 36 Cl was largely controlled by cosmogenic 36 Cl radioactive decay without a significant increase in chloride concentration. The extrapolated groundwater velocities were 0.133 ± 0.018 m/y to 0.433 ± 0.140 m/y. The estimated residence time of 1.06 × 10 6 y at the discharge area around Lake Eyre was comparable to the estimate of (1-2.2) × 10 6 y in previous studies. On the other hand, our estimated 4 He accumulation rates for the selected three groundwater flow paths (1.85 ± 0.31 × 10-11 to 1.51 ± 0.63 × 10-10 ccSTP/cm 3 •y) were approximately 2-15 times lower than previously reported rates for the central GAB. Our estimated rate of 1.51 × 10-10 ccSTP/cm 3 •y-1 in the western GAB is compatible with previous estimates based on 81 Kr ages. The groundwater residence time estimated from the 4 He accumulation rate was approximately 7 × 10 5 y near the discharge area at Lake Eyre. Finally, both estimations were mutually compatible with a 30% error.

Abstract— An area‐ratio gray‐scale method (ARG) has been developed for low‐temperature‐polysilicon thin‐film‐transistor‐driven light‐emitting‐polymer displays (LTPS TFT‐LEPDs). A pixel consists of plural sub‐pixels, which are controlled to be in either an on‐state or off‐state. The gray scale is acquired by selecting the number of the on‐state sub‐pixels, that is, the ratio of the light‐emitting area. One advantage of the ARG is to improve image uniformity. In the on‐state, since TFT resistance is negligible, the current is determined by the LEP diode resistance. Therefore, the TFT characteristic deviation has no effect on the current. Moreover, the dimensions of each sub‐pixel are the same, and the shapes of the sub‐pixel are circular in order to improve their uniformity. As a result, the image becomes uniform. Another advantage of the ARG is to achieve digital operation, which makes interfacing easy. A digital‐analog converter (DAC) automatically exists in the sub‐pixel and the naked eye.