: This paper presents a method for estimating the position of a radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag in twodimensional (2D) space. A low-frequency (135 kHz), passive RFID tag with a loop antenna transmits its ID number to the tag reader by electromagnetic induction. This study reveals that the radial distance and the azimuth of the RFID tag in a 2D plane can be determined from the absolute value and phase of the first-order Fourier coefficient of the magnetic flux density generated by the tag. The authors develop a sensor unit that consists of four coils: two special coils that generate electromotive forces that are proportional to the first-order Fourier cosine and sine coefficients and two conventional loop coils. Using the developed sensor, a 29-mm-diameter disk-shaped RFID tag can be localized with a maximum (average) error of 18 mm (5 mm) within a circular domain of radius 140 mm.
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