Tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (TFPB) anion was highly lipophilic, practically insoluble in water, and durable against acid and oxidants. Partition equilibria of alkali TFPB between water and organic solvents and the stability in acid media are described and compared with the properties of the parent tetraphenylborate and of some fluorine-containing homologues.

No abstract

The presence of autoantibodies against NMDA GluR epsilon2 suggests autoimmune pathologic mechanisms but is not a hallmark of Rasmussen's encephalitis. Patients with Rasmussen's encephalitis may have autoantibodies against several neural molecules, and these autoantibodies may be produced in the CNS after cytotoxic T cell-mediated neuronal damage.

Growth trajectories during larval to early juvenile stages in Japanese sardine ( Sardinops melanostictus ) were backcalculated based on the widths of otolith daily increments from 1996 to 2003 in the nursery grounds, Kuroshio–Oyashio transitional waters. Planktonic larvae hatched near Kuroshio have been transported northeastward from the Kuroshio waters to the transitional waters. We show that the somatic growth rates sharply increased after metamorphosis to the early juvenile stage, whereas previously, others showed that growth rate decreases during the larval stage. Otolith growth rates were more variable during the juvenile stage than the larval stage. Interannual variations in the otolith growth rate after metamorphosis explained more than 80% of variation in abundances of recruits (ca. 8–10 months old) in the Pacific coastal waters, whereas no correlation was found between the growth rate during the early larval stage and abundance. Our result was consistent with the hypothesis of growth rate-dependent recruitment success in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transitional waters.

Recruitment and growth of the sardine Sardinops melanostictus fluctuated markedly in the Sea of Japan and adjacent waters between 1978 and 1993. Stock size was calculated using Virtual Population Analysis and average body length in each age class was determined by the number of annual rings on the scales. There is an inverse correlation between average water temperature at a depth of 50 m in the coastal area of the mainland of Japan in winter (January to March) and recruitment R defined as the number of individuals at 1 year old. There is also an inverse correlation between spawning stock size E and reproductive success in (R/E). A multiple regression model using spawning stock size and water temperature in winter as independent variables can explain 73% of variance in reproductive success. It suggests that both density‐dependent and density‐independent factors perform important roles determining reproductive success. There is an inverse correlation between body length and stock size and this suggests that there is a density‐dependent effect on the growth of the sardine.

Summary:Purpose: To evaluate antibody-mediated and cytotoxic T cell-mediated pathogenicity that has been implicated as the autoimmune pathophysiological mechanism in Rasmussen's encephalitis.Methods: We examined autoantibodies against the N-methyl-

Kidokoro, H., Goto, T., Nagasawa, T., Nishida, H., Akamine, T., and Sakurai, Y. 2010. Impact of a climate regime shift on the migration of Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) in the Sea of Japan. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1314–1322. Following a climate regime shift (RS) in 1989 in the northwest Pacific and Sea of Japan, the main spawning grounds of the Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) shifted from inshore areas off Honshu Island to the Tsushima Strait, and the stock size increased. Migration patterns of T. pacificus occurred after the RS, based on tagging experiments conducted in July to September of 1984 and 1987–1991, are examined using monthly shifts in average latitude of recapture sites every 10 d. Before the RS, recaptures were in the central Sea of Japan and in inshore areas off Honshu Island, but after the RS, there were no recaptures inshore off Honshu Island. The average latitude of the recapture sites in September was about 36–37°N before the RS and north of 40°N (near the release sites) after the RS. It is likely that the location of the spawning grounds has changed.

Anchovy and sardine populations have fluctuated alternately with decadal changes in climatic and oceanic states, although the mechanisms remain unclear. In the western North Pacific, anchovy and sardine share nursery grounds in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transitional waters, where the subtropical and subarctic currents converge from the south and north, respectively. We found that northward expansion of the subtropical waters simultaneously changed the local environment in the nursery grounds to be favorable for late larvae and early juveniles of anchovy, but not for those of sardine during 1996–2002. Increased temperature enhanced growth and survival for anchovy, whereas reduced food availability diminished those for sardine. Northward expansion of the subtropical waters have been linked with wind-forced anomaly of sea-surface height in the central North Pacific. After 1988, when anchovy flourished and sardine collapsed in the western North Pacific, previous studies by other researchers documented similar changes in air–sea interaction. Our results suggest that contrasting responses in growth and survival processes to wind-forced oscillation of the current structures caused the alternate population dynamics between anchovy and sardine in the western North Pacific.