The mouse embryonic axis is initially formed with a proximal-distal orientation followed by subsequent conversion to a prospective anterior-posterior (A-P) polarity with directional migration of visceral endoderm cells. Importantly, Otx2, a homeobox gene, is essential to this developmental process. However, the genetic regulatory mechanism governing axis conversion is poorly understood. Here, defective axis conversion due to Otx2 deficiency can be rescued by expression of Dkk1, a Wnt antagonist, or following removal of one copy of the beta-catenin gene. Misexpression of a canonical Wnt ligand can also inhibit correct A-P axis rotation. Moreover, asymmetrical distribution of beta-catenin localization is impaired in the Otx2-deficient and Wnt-misexpressing visceral endoderm. Concurrently, canonical Wnt and Dkk1 function as repulsive and attractive guidance cues, respectively, in the migration of visceral endoderm cells. We propose that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling mediates A-P axis polarization by guiding cell migration toward the prospective anterior in the pregastrula mouse embryo.

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Gain or loss of whole chromosomes is often observed in cancer cells and is thought to be due to aberrant chromosome segregation during mitosis. Proper chromosome segregation depends on a faithful interaction between spindle microtubules and kinetochores. Several components of the nuclear pore complex/nucleoporins play critical roles in orchestrating the rapid remodeling events that occur during mitosis. Our recent studies revealed that the nucleoporin, Rae1, plays critical roles in maintaining spindle bipolarity. Here, we show association of another nucleoporin, termed Tpr (translocated promoter region), with the molecular motors dynein and dynactin, which both orchestrate with the spindle checkpoints Mad1 and Mad2 during cell division. Overexpression of Tpr enhanced multinucleated cell formation. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Tpr caused a severe lagging chromosome phenotype and disrupted spindle checkpoint proteins expression and localization. Next, we performed a series of rescue and dominant negative experiments to confirm that Tpr orchestrates proper chromosome segregation through interaction with dynein light chain. Our data indicate that Tpr functions as a spatial and temporal regulator of spindle checkpoints, ensuring the efficient recruitment of checkpoint proteins to the molecular motor dynein to promote proper anaphase formation.

Gelation of myosin in 0.6M KC1 at pH 7.0 and 6.0 during heating at various temperatures between 25-70°C was quantitatively measured by a simple shear modulus tester devised in our laboratory. Shear modulus data indicated that gelation occurs with a stepwise elevation of temperature from 30-60°C. Heat-treatment of the protein solution remarkably influenced the structure and water mobility in the system. Myosin gel formed by heating had a micro-network structure, which was not-present in the original myosin solution. The myosin gel had a slower value of spin-spin relaxation time compared to that of the original untreated sample, suggesting that the water mobility in the gel system was somehow restricted. The heat-induced gelation of myosin may be the result of the development of a three dimensional network structure which holds water in a less mobilized state.

Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free energy calculation presents a significant challenge due to an excessive number of QM calculations. A useful approach for reducing the computational cost is that based on the mean field approximation to the QM subsystem. Here, we describe such a mean-field QM/MM theory for electronically polarizable systems by starting from the Hartree product ansatz for the total system and invoking a variational principle of free energy. The MM part is then recast to a classical polarizable model by introducing the charge response kernel. Numerical test shows that the potential of mean force (PMF) thus obtained agrees quantitatively with that obtained from a direct QM/MM calculation, indicating the utility of self-consistent mean-field approximation. Next, we apply the obtained method to prototypical reactions in several qualitatively different solvents and make a systematic comparison of polarization effects. The results show that in aqueous solution the PMF does not depend very much on the water models employed, while in nonaqueous solutions the PMF is significantly affected by explicit polarization. For example, the free energy barrier for a phosphoryl dissociation reaction in acetone and cyclohexane is found to increase by more than 10 kcal/mol when switching the solvent model from an empirical to explicitly polarizable one. The reason for this is discussed based on the parametrization of empirical nonpolarizable models.

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The metal capping barrier deposited by the electroless cobalt tungsten boron ͑CoWB͒ alloy plating method for ultralarge scale integration applications was investigated. The CoWB film was formed directly on copper without a palladium catalyst, using dimethyl amin borane ͑DMAB͒ as a reducing agent, and it was deposited selectively on 0.25 m wide copper interconnects separated with 0.25 m spacing SiO 2 . The CoWB thin films were effective barriers against copper diffusion even at CoWB thicknesses as low as 50 nm. Compared with the CoWB film, cobalt tungsten phosphorus films deposited directly on copper using DMAB as a deposition initiator was not effective as a copper diffusion barrier. The plating films contained mainly cobalt with a significant amount of tungsten ͑up to 20 atom %͒ and a small amount of boron. Additionally, we propose a newly developed alkaline metal free electroless CoWB plating solution using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide as a pH adjuster.

We have calculated the band structures of solid pentacene. One of our models makes use of experimental data obtained for a single crystal ͓R. B. Campbell et al., Acta. Crystallogr. 14, 705 ͑1961͒; R. B. Campbell and J. M. Robertson, Acta. Crystallogr. 15, 289 ͑1962͔͒ and the other one considers a thin film fabricated by the present authors. Our calculations indicate that the electronic properties of a pentacene thin film are markedly different from those of a single crystal, although the densities of pentacene molecules in these solids are not significantly different. The energy band gaps of the single crystal and the thin film have been estimated to be 0.73 eV and between 0.26 and 0.72 eV, respectively. The bandwidths of the highest valence band and the lowest conduction band of the film are wider than those of the single crystal. These results suggest that the electron or hole carriers in the film have effective masses lighter than those of the single crystal, and in order to estimate the carrier mobility we first calculate the effective mass.