The electrostatic interactions involved in the imidazole-carboxylic acid copolymer-catalyzed solvolyses of 3-acetoxy-N-trimethylanilinium iodide (ANTI), p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA), and 3-nitro-4-acetoxybenzoic acid (NABA) were studied and compared with the monomeric analog y-4(5)-imidazolebutyric acid. The effects of copolymer composition of the 4(5)-vinylimidazole-acrylic acid copolymers on their catalytic activities were investigated in detail. These effects became apparent by inspecting the dependencies of their activities on the monomer sequence distributions, which were found to control the overall catalytic activities of the copolymers for the charged esters. The most catalytically active species toward ANTI is the carboxylate-imidazole-carboxylate triad.
We performed two replantations of the great toe in children less than 4 years of age. Both cases were successful, and there was no complaint of pain or disturbance in gait, postoperatively. Good results seemed to be based on mobility of the metatarsophalangeal joint and on sensation in the replanted toe. In our opinion, all traumatic amputations of the great toe in children should be replanted, if the conditions of the foot and amputated toe allow vascular and neural reattachment.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.