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examine the sex-specific association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels/hyperuricemia and hypertension among Japanese patients. SUA level, medical histories, and lifestyle-related items were collected from 85,286 of 136,770 participants. Among those with hyperuricemia, the median age was 46 years and 97% were men, which was significantly different than those without hyperurecemia (44 years and 56%, respectively; P<.01). Hyperuricemia was 1.79 times more likely in hypertensive men than normotensive men and almost six times more likely in hypertensive women (odds ratio=5.92 and adjusted odds ratio=1.33 for men and adjusted odds ratio=1.81 for women) after multivariate analysis. SUA quartiles positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures in both sexes. Hyperuricemia and SUA levels were significantly associated with hypertension in both sexes. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining normal SUA levels to manage and prevent hypertension. Better management of SUA as well as blood pressure may have potential in preventing future cardiovascular disorders. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016;18:53-59. ª 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The overall global prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) in adults 25 years and older was around 40% in 2008.1 In Japan, 60% and 45% of Japanese men and women 30 years and older (roughly 43 million individuals), respectively, were estimated to have hypertension as of 2010.2 Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a major cause of premature death and disability.

Aim:The aim was to investigate the respective associations between lifestyle and proteinuria and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Methods: The lifestyle habits of 25,493 middle-aged participants were investigated in a cross-sectional study to find habits that are associated with a low eGFR (＜60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) and/or the presence of proteinuria. The lifestyle habits of the participants were evaluated using a questionnaire. Unhealthy lifestyle habits were defined as follows: 1. obesity, 2. being a current/former smoker, 3. eating irregular meals, 4. having less than 5 hours sleep, 5. exercising less than once a week, and 6. drinking more than once a week. The associations among unhealthy habits, eGFR, and proteinuria were evaluated using multivariate analysis.

Objective The causes of fever of unknown origin (FUO) vary depending on the region and time period. We herein present a study of patients with classic FUO where we investigated differences based on patient background factors, such as age and causative diseases, and changes that have occurred over time. Methods We extracted and analyzed data from the medical records of 256 patients ! 18 years old who met the criteria for classic FUO and were hospitalized between August, 1994 and December, 2012. Results The median age of the patients was 55 years (range: 18-94 years). The cause of FUO was infection in 27.7% of the patients (n=71), non-infectious inflammatory disease (NIID) in 18.4% (47), malignancy in 10.2% (26), other in 14.8% (38), and unknown in 28.9% (74). The most common single cause was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (n=17). NIID and malignancy were more common in patients ! 65 years old than in patients <65 years old. During 2004During -2012During , compared to 1994During -2003 and "other" causes were decreased, whereas NIID, malignancy, and unknown causes were increased. Conclusion FUO associated with HIV/AIDS is increasing in Japan. In addition, as in previous studies in Japan and overseas, our study showed that the number of patients in whom the cause of FUO remains unknown is increasing and exceeds 20% of all cases. The present study identified diseases that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of FUO, providing useful information for the future diagnosis and treatment of FUO.

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We analyzed anti-Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG and IgM antibody (EIA) and anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgG and IgM antibody (FA) in adults during 1994-1999. We examined these IgM sero-positive patient's medical records, and diagnosed CMV mononucleosis and EBV mononucleosis. Anti-CMV antibody positive rates decreased from 87.6% in 1994 to 77.8% in 1999. Especially in twenties, anti-CMV antibody positive rates decreased from 65.2% in 1994 to 53.3% in 1999. On the other hand, anti-EBV VCA antibody positive rates were not changed (91-94%). Number of cases of CMV mononucleosis increased from 2 cases in 1994 to 16 cases in 1999, but EBV mononucleosis was not changed. These results suggested that increasing cases of CMV mononucleosis was influenced by decreasing anti-CMV antibody positive rate.

Diaphragmatic paralysis is commonly caused by surgical and traumatic injuries, malignant neoplasm, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, in rare instances, diaphragmatic paralysis due to herpes-zoster virus infection has been reported. Here, we describe an 85-year-old woman who developed left hemidiaphragmatic paralysis within 19 days of the appearance of a typical herpes-zoster rash involving the C4-5 dermatome on the left side. Clinical and radiological findings revealed no local causes of phrenic nerve lesion. The hemidiaphragmatic paralysis was thought to be caused by herpes-zoster virus infection.

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