The roles of active oxygen, lipid peroxidation, and the antioxidative defence mechanism in gastric mucosal injury induced by treatment with indomethacin in rats were investigated. The The present study was undertaken in rats to measure changes in lipid peroxides and antioxidants in serum samples and gastric mucosa after administration of indomethacin. Also, we investigated the effects of a superoxide radical scavenger (superoxide dismutase (SOD)), a hydrogen peroxide scavenger (catalase), and a hydroxyl radical scavenger (dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO)) on gastric mucosal injury and lipid peroxide formation induced by giving indomethacin to rats, and the effects ofa combination of SOD and catalase on indomethacin induced changes in antioxidants.

These findings suggest that exercise stimulates SPARC secretion from muscle tissues and that SPARC inhibits colon tumorigenesis by increasing apoptosis.

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Fridovich identified CuZnSOD in 1969 and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in 1973, and proposed ”the Superoxide Theory,” which postulates that superoxide (O2•−) is the origin of most reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that it undergoes a chain reaction in a cell, playing a central role in the ROS producing system. Increased oxidative stress on an organism causes damage to cells, the smallest constituent unit of an organism, which can lead to the onset of a variety of chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurological diseases caused by abnormalities in biological defenses or increased intracellular reactive oxygen levels. Oxidative stress also plays a role in aging. Antioxidant systems, including non-enzyme low-molecular-weight antioxidants (such as, vitamins A, C and E, polyphenols, glutathione, and coenzyme Q10) and antioxidant enzymes, fight against oxidants in cells. Superoxide is considered to be a major factor in oxidant toxicity, and mitochondrial MnSOD enzymes constitute an essential defense against superoxide. Mitochondria are the major source of superoxide. The reaction of superoxide generated from mitochondria with nitric oxide is faster than SOD catalyzed reaction, and produces peroxynitrite. Thus, based on research conducted after Fridovich’s seminal studies, we now propose a modified superoxide theory; i.e., superoxide is the origin of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and, as such, causes various redox related diseases and aging.

The prevalence of IBS was higher among nursing and medical students, and further interventional studies are needed to improve IBS symptoms.