Bolton's values can be used with confidence for the typical Japanese orthodontic population. The use of the actual millimeters of correction for the tooth size ratios could help orthodontists avoid underestimating the prevalence of clinically significant tooth size discrepancies.

We found few studies on the association between maxillary sinus size and malocclusion in an electronic search using PubMed. The purpose of this study was to investigate maxillary sinus size in different malocclusion groups and the association between maxillary sinus size and dentofacial morphology by the use of lateral cephalometric radiographs. A total of 120 lateral cephalograms were used. These radiographs were derived from subjects with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions, classified on the basis of the A-N-B angle. Each malocclusion group consisted of 20 boys and 20 girls ranging in age from 12 to 16 years. Two linear measurements and three area measurements were made to evaluate maxillary sinus size, and four angular and eight linear measurements were made to evaluate dentofacial morphology. Analysis of variance and Pearson's correlation analysis were performed for statistical comparison. The maxillary sinuses showed no significant differences in size between the different classes of skeletal malocclusion or between sexes. However, the maxillary sinus measurements were significantly correlated with several dentofacial morphological measurements. When formulating an orthodontic treatment plan, orthodontists should take into consideration the fact that the patients 12 to 16 years old with large cranial bases and nasomaxillary complexes tend to have larger maxillary sinuses, but there is no significant association between maxillary sinus size and the A-N-B angle denoting the sagittal skeletal jaw relationship.

No abstract

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β), a serine/threonine kinase, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in human bladder cancer. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor effect of a small molecule GSK-3β inhibitor, 9-ING-41, currently in clinical studies in patients with advanced cancer, in bladder cancer cell lines. We found that treatment with 9-ING-41 leads to cell cycle arrest, autophagy and apoptosis in bladder cancer cells. The autophagy inhibitor chloroquine potentiated the antitumor effects of 9-ING-41 when tested in combination studies. Our findings also demonstrate that 9-ING-41 enhanced the growth inhibitory effects of gemcitabine or cisplatin when used in combination in bladder cancer cells. Finally, we found that 9-ING-41 sensitized bladder cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of human immune effector cells. Our results provide a rationale for the inclusion of patients with advanced bladder cancer in clinical studies of 9-ING-41.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a serine/threonine kinase, is involved in a broad range of pathological processes including cancer. GSK-3 has two isoforms, GSK-3α and GSK-3β, and GSK-3β has been recognized as a therapeutic target for the development of new anticancer drugs. The present study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects of 9-ING-41, which is a maleimide-based ATP-competitive small molecule GSK-3β inhibitor active in patients with advanced cancer. In renal cancer cell lines, treatment with 9-ING-41 alone induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and autophagy inhibitors increased the antitumor effects of 9-ING-41 when used in combination. Treatment with 9-ING-41 potentiated the antitumor effects of targeted therapeutics and increased the cytotoxic effects of cytokine-activated immune cells on renal cancer cell lines. These results provided a compelling rationale for the inclusion of patients with renal cancer in studies of 9-ING-41, both as a single agent and in combination with current standard therapies.