We investigated the effect of aroma on the event related potential (ERP) during certain cognitive workload. In this study we regard repeated oddballtask as our cognitive woridoad, while the oddball task itself is used to be considered as the cognitive task for investigating the event related potential under the auditory stimuli. We used the oddball task consisting of three kinds of tones. The oddball task used in this study was consisted of three kinds of auditory stimuli. The auditory oddball operation task was 8 min long and a total of three tasks were conducted twice at 3 min intervals. The latency of P300 during the third task of the oddball operation increased more than that of the first task. The delay of the P300 latency was thought to be related to the mental fatigue induced from the auditory oddball task. The effect of aroma on the mental fatigue induced from the auditory oddball task was studied using the aroma of lavender, rose and lemon. It was found that the delay of the P300 latency was shorter in the presence of aroma (lavender, rose and lemon) than that without the aroma These results would suggest that the presence of an aroma could be effective in reducing mental fatigue induced from the auditory oddball task.
Experiments were performed to determine the changes in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and left ventricular function during and after isometric knee extension during thermoneutral (35 degrees C) head-out water immersion (HWI) or in air. Seven healthy male subjects mean age 24 (SD 3) years kept their knees extended (60% maximal voluntary extension) until they reached exhaustion. The mean BP at rest was 80 (SD 10) and 78 (SD 8) mmHg [10.7 (SD 1.33) and 10.4 (SD 1.07)kPa] in air and during HWI, respectively, (NS). They increased progressively (P < 0.01) during contraction and reached maximal values of 148 (SD 22) and 143 (SD 26) mmHg [19.7 (SD 2.93) and 19.1 (SD 3.47)kPa] in air and in HWI, respectively, (NS). The mean HR at rest was 74 (SD 8) and 70 (SD 11) beats.min-1 in air and in HWI, respectively, (NS). They also increased progressively, (P < 0.01) and reached 126 (SD 14) and 118 (SD 17) beats.min-1 in air and in HWI, respectively, (NS). The changes in BP and HR during contraction in HWI tended to be smaller than those in air (NS). Left ventricular end diastolic diameters (dd) at rest in HWI were greater than those in air and were maintained at higher values during and after isometric contraction. In contrast, dd decreased during isometric contraction in air (P < 0.01). The change of left ventricular systolic diameters (ds) in HWI was no different to those in air. From these findings, isometric exercise in thermoneutral HWI would seem to be characterized by a greater dd than in air and this could be useful for patients with deconditioning effects such as orthostatic hypotension.
The impressions of odors is known as a source of explicit subjective and have individual differences. In this study, the impressions of odors were investigated by a covariance structure analysis. Forty-six subjects (men in their twenties) recorded their reactions to ten odorants by grading them on a seven-point scale in terms of twelve adjective pairs. Their reactions were visually evaluated by using a factor analysis and a covariance structure analysis. The factors were extracted as "preference", "arousal" and "persistency" . We classified the subjects into three groups according to the similarity in the preference pattern for odors, because the preference patterns of the subjects for odors significantly vary between individuals. Each group had different a causal relationship and a different impression structure for the odors. It was suggested that the subjective impression of odor could be evaluated using the covariance structure analysis.
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