In yeast, the Trf4/5-Air1/2-Mtr4 polyadenylation (TRAMP) complex acts as a cofactor for the nuclear exosome to promote degradation of various RNAs. However, the corresponding machinery in mammals is less characterized. We analyzed the interactions of the human TRAMP-like proteins, PAPD5, ZCCHC7, and MTR4, with the nuclear exosome. PAPD5 and ZCCHC7 exhibited mutual interactions in presence of the exosome catalytic subunit RRP6, whereas MTR4 was dispensable for their assembly. Furthermore, the human TRAMP-like proteins were involved in the RRP6-catalyzed turnover of pre-rRNA 5 0 ETS fragments. These results suggest the significant role for RRP6 in the assembly of TRAMP-like proteins during nucleolar RNA surveillance.
Temperature dependence of decay curves of the Cr3+ and Nd3+ luminescence excited at 432 nm in the Cr3+ absorption bands for YAG ceramics codoped with 1 mol. % Nd3+ and 0.1 mol. % Cr3+ indicates two distinct energy transfer processes from Cr3+ to Nd3+: one is a temperature-independent process via the lowest 2E excited state of Cr3+ through the exchange interaction between Cr3+ and Nd3+ ions; the other is a temperature-dependent process via the higher 4T2 excited states of Cr3+ through the thermal Boltzmann distribution. In order to explain these results, we have proposed a simple model on energy transfer from Cr3+ to Nd3+, taking into account a formation probability of a Cr-Nd pair in YAG as a function of separation distance. This Cr-Nd pair model has estimated that the former and latter energy transfer processes occur from a Cr3+ ion to one of Nd3+ ions substituting for the first nearest neighbor Y3+ ions and near Y3+ ions beyond within a sphere with an approximate radius of less than 0.8 nm, respectively.
Purpose : The purpose of this retrospective study was to clarify the character of incidental prostate cancer, stages T1a and T1b. Methods : We analysed 101 cases of incidental prostate cancer. Incidental prostate cancer was diagnosed on the basis of normal digital rectal examination findings, a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of less than 4.0 ng/mL, and no abnormal computed tomography or ultrasonography findings. All patients were treated at Gifu University Hospital or an affiliated hospital during the period January 1992 through December 2001. Results : There were 64 stage T1a cancers and 37 stage T1b cancers. The mean age of patients was 71.3 years (range 51-87 years). The mean serum PSA level was 1.63 ng/mL (range 0.2-4.0 ng/mL). Thirty-five stage T1a patients (56.5%) and thirty-two stage T1b patients (86.5%) underwent some type of treatment. Total prostatectomy was performed in eight stage T1a cases and fifteen stage T1b cases. Pathological diagnoses were as follows: pTx ( n = 1), pT0 ( n = 5) and pT2 ( n = 2) for stage T1a cancers, and pT0 ( n = 6), pT2 ( n = 8) and pT3 ( n = 1) for stage T1b cancers. Only one stage T1b cancer recurred. Conclusion : The outcome of patients with incidental prostate cancer was satisfactory; disease recurred in only one case of stage T1b cancer and there were no cases of PSA failure, although the pathological diagnosis in nine of the fifteen stage T1b cases (60.0%) treated with total prostatectomy was pT2 or pT3. Careful monitoring was indicated for stage T1a cancer, and some treatment was necessary for stage T1b cancer.
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