Water deficit caused by global climate changes seriously endangers the survival of organisms and crop productivity, and increases environmental deterioration. Plants' resistance to drought involves global reprogramming of transcription, cellular metabolism, hormone signalling and chromatin modification. However, how these regulatory responses are coordinated via the various pathways, and the underlying mechanisms, are largely unknown. Herein, we report an essential drought-responsive network in which plants trigger a dynamic metabolic flux conversion from glycolysis into acetate synthesis to stimulate the jasmonate (JA) signalling pathway to confer drought tolerance. In Arabidopsis, the ON/OFF switching of this whole network is directly dependent on histone deacetylase HDA6. In addition, exogenous acetic acid promotes de novo JA synthesis and enrichment of histone H4 acetylation, which influences the priming of the JA signalling pathway for plant drought tolerance. This novel acetate function is evolutionarily conserved as a survival strategy against environmental changes in plants. Furthermore, the external application of acetic acid successfully enhanced the drought tolerance in Arabidopsis, rapeseed, maize, rice and wheat plants. Our findings highlight a radically new survival strategy that exploits an epigenetic switch of metabolic flux conversion and hormone signalling by which plants adapt to drought.
The limitation of cytologic still images is one of the reasons why telecytology has not met with widespread acceptance by the cytology community. Cytologic still image only displays a single depth of field, and this is a particularly acute problem in cytology where the specimen is often much thicker than a single microscopic depth of focus. In this article, we examine the validity of a "z-axis" video of a microscopic field of interest.After observing videos of fields of interest from 10 cases, five cytotechnologists reached suitable cytologic findings and diagnosed the fields correctly in great majority of cases. Five other cytotechnologists, who looked only at a single representative still image, could not always make a correct diagnosis. The difference between two observer groups was statistically significant by Wilcoxon's matched pairs signed-rank test.The results indicate that "z-axis" video of microscopic field of interest provides a similar experience to "focusing through" observation of the specimen under a microscope and may improve an accuracy of primary telecytodiagnosis. And we expect that video image telecytology will strongly influence cytology, especially in education and training.
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