Pulsed anodization of superelastic NiTi alloy in nitric acid electrolyte is a novel surface modification process that enables the formation of an almost Ni-free TiO 2 layer on their surface. The core technology is the modulation of voltage-unapplied state that is necessary for the chemical reaction with an electrolyte. Here, the effect of the adjustment of the voltage-unapplied state on the layer characteristics was investigated. Prolongation of the voltage-unapplied state led to the formation of a thicker
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