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Reduction of NiX2(PPh3)2 with zinc in the presence of Et4NI gives a nickel catalyst which has been proven to be useful for the coupling of aryl halides. This nickel catalyst can be prepared in THF without an additional triphenylphosphine and is effective for the homocoupling of aryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides to produce biaryls and bipyridines in good yields. The reported new approach provides a simple access to novel derivatives of biaryls and bipyridines.

The significant association of SRD with intravitreal IL-6 indicates that inflammation may play an important role in the development of SRD in diabetic macular edema.

Histological abnormalities of the brain in autism have been investigated extensively. We studied metabolites in the hippocampus-amygdala (HA) region and cerebellum. We examined the right HA region and left cerebellar hemisphere of 27 autistic patients 2-18 years old, 21 boys and 6 girls and 10 normal children 6-14 years old, 4 boys and 6 girls, using the STEAM sequence. This sequence was used to minimise the influence of relaxation times. The N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) concentration was significantly lower (P = 0.042) in autistic patients than in normal children (9.37 and 10.95 mM, respectively). There was no significant difference in other metabolites. The correlation coefficient (r value) of NAA between the HA region and cerebellum was 0.616. The decreased NAA concentration may be due to neuronal hypofunction or immature neurons. The NAA concentration in the HA region and cerebellum may be related, because of neuronal circuits or networks.

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Citation: Sonoda S, Sakamoto T, Yamashita T, et al. Effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide or bevacizumab on choroidal thickness in eyes with diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:3979-3985. PURPOSE.We evaluated the effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) or intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) on subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS.In this prospective, randomized, interventional comparative study, 51 DME eyes of 51 patients were randomized to receive either IVTA or IVB. The central macular thickness (CMT) and SFCT were determined by optical coherence tomography at 24 hours, 7 days, and 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The SFCT at 1500 and 3000 lm nasal or temporal to the central fovea also was measured. The values obtained before were compared to those obtained 12 weeks after the injections. RESULTS.The eyes were randomly assigned to the IVTA (25 eyes) and IVB (26 eyes) groups. The SFCT was reduced significantly in the IVTA group from 24 hours to 12 weeks. The average 6 SD of the SFCT expressed as the ratio to baseline thickness decreased to 94.8% 6 5.6% (P < 0.01) at 24 hours after IVTA and remained unchanged up to 12 weeks (91.8% 6 10.5%, P < 0.01, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). In the IVB group, no significant difference was found in the SFCT after IVB for 12 weeks. The CMT decreased significantly in both groups from 24 hours to 4 weeks; however, the decrease was not significant at 8 weeks or later in the IVB group.CONCLUSIONS. The decrease in choroidal thickness in eyes with DME after IVTA suggests that the choroidal pathology in diabetic retinopathy might be due to steroid-sensitive factors rather than vascular endothelial growth factor. (www.umin.ac.jp/ctr number, clinical trials number UMIN000009854.)