a b s t r a c tAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and denitrification are two distinct microbial reactions relevant to the global nitrogen cycle. The proposed initial step of the anammox reactions, reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide, has been postulated to be identical to that in denitrification catalyzed by the dissimilatory nitrite reductase of the cytochrome cd 1 -type. Here, we characterized the copper-containing nitrite reductase homolog encoded by nirK detected in the genome of an anammox bacterium strain KSU-1. We hypothesize that this NirK-type nitrite reductase, rather than a nitrite reductase of the cytochrome cd 1 -type (NirS), is likely to catalyze nitrite reduction in anammox organism KSU-1.
A basketball shooting arm model is used to estimate arm joint motions for a set of desired release speed, angle and backspin. The model has three rigid planar links with rotational joints imitating an upper arm, forearm and hand with shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. The kinematics of the shooting arm is solved to calculate the joint angles, and the velocity and angular velocity of links at release. There are many angular displacement and velocity combinations of shoulder, elbow and wrist joints to produce the optimal release speed, angle and backspin of the ball at release. Shoulder rotation contributes to the vertical component of release velocity of the ball and elbow and wrist actions mostly produce the horizontal component of release velocity and backspin of the ball when the forearm and hand are nearly vertical at release.
A completely general three-dimensional dynamic model is presented for the motion of basketball shots that may contact the rim, the backboard, the bridge between the rim and board, and possibly the board and the bridge simultaneously. Non-linear ordinary differential equations with six degrees of freedom describe the ball angular velocity and ball centre position. The model includes radial ball compliance and damping and contains five sub-models: purely gravitational flight, and ball-rim, ball-bridge, ball-board, and ball-bridge-board contact. Each contact sub-model has both slipping and non-slipping motions. Switching between the sub-models depends on the reaction force at, and velocity of, the contact point. Although the model can be used to study shots from any point on the court, we here use it to study the sets of free throw release angle, velocity, angular velocity, and lateral deviation angle that result in success (capture), as well as underhand free throws and those using an under-inflated ball. Free throw shots with larger backspin, lower inflation pressures, and underhand release conditions are shown to result in larger capture percentages.
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