We prove that if a geodesic metric measure space satisfies a comparison condition for isoperimetric profile and if the observable variance is maximal, then the space is foliated by minimal geodesics, where the observable variance is defined to be the supremum of the variance of 1-Lipschitz functions on the space. Our result can be considered as a variant of Cheeger-Gromoll's splitting theorem and also of Cheng's maximal diameter theorem. As an application, we obtain a new isometric splitting theorem for a complete weighted Riemannian manifold with a positive Bakry-Emery Ricci curvature.
For a metric measure space, we treat the set of distributions of 1-Lipschitz functions, which is called the 1-measurement. On the 1-measurement, we have a partial order relation by the Lipschitz order introduced by Gromov [3]. The aim of this paper is to study the maximum and maximal elements of the 1-measurement with respect to the Lipschitz order. We present a necessary condition of a metric measure space for the existence of the maximum of the 1-measurement. We also consider a metric measure space that has the maximum of its 1-measurement.
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