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Reactivation from occult HBV infection is characterized by low genetic heterogeneity, with the wild-type G1896 or G1896A variant prevalent.

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This paper describes a new fingerprint sensor that detects the topography of finger ridges and valleys. We propose a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) cavity structure for the pixels arrayed on the sensor surface and a fabrication process that stacks the cavity structures on a CMOS LSI. A thin film on top of the cavity structures is bent by finger ridges mechanically, which is detected by the sensing circuits below them electronically. Based on an analytical model, we designed a cavity structure suitable for fingerprint detection. We fabricated the cavity structures on the sensing circuits by a fabrication process that entails gold electroplating, sacrificial layer etching for cavities, and a sealing technique. The fabricated fingerprint sensor consists of about 57 334 pixels in the area of 11.2 mm 12.8 mm, which yields a high spatial resolution of 508 dots-per-inch (dpi). With these pixels working together, fingerprint images were obtained. The sensor produces clear fingerprint images regardless whether the finger was dry or wet, which confirms its potential for various practical applications.Index Terms-Fingerprint image, fingerprint sensor, LSI, microelectromechanical systems, process.

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This paper describes circuit techniques for energy-harvesting technology in millimeter-size ultra-low-power batteryless wireless sensor nodes as a front end for BigData, IoT, M2M, and ambient intelligence. Power generated by energy harvester becomes as small as the nanowatt level when the size of a sensor node becomes millimeter-size. First, technical trends in low-power circuits and the portfolio of energy harvesting and circuit technology are discussed from the viewpoints of technical and application issues. Then, circuit techniques for nanowatt level wireless sensor nodes -a zero-power vibration sensing circuit, power management with MEMS switch, and an intermitted RF transmitter -are explained.