Summary We investigated the potential augmenting effects of 19 clinically available antidepressants on noradrenaline (NA)‐induced contractions in guinea pig urethra smooth muscle (USM). Concentration‐response curves for NA‐induced contractions in guinea pig USM strips were obtained in the absence or presence of selected antidepressants. Desipramine, an active metabolite of imipramine, produced a contraction and potentiated NA‐induced contraction at the distal urethra without affecting the proximal urethra. Further, nortriptyline and amoxapine, tricyclic antidepressants, produced a contraction and potentiated NA‐induced contraction at the distal urethra. NA‐induced contraction was unaffected or reduced by imipramine, clomipramine, trimipramine, and amitriptyline at the proximal and distal urethra. Maprotiline, a tetracyclic antidepressant, potentiated NA‐induced contraction at the distal urethra. NA‐induced contraction was unaffected by mianserin at the proximal and distal urethra. Paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), potentiated NA‐induced contraction at the distal urethra, while NA‐induced contraction was unaffected by fluvoxamine, sertraline, and escitalopram at the proximal and distal urethra. Milnacipran, a serotonin‐noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), potentiated NA‐induced contraction at the proximal and distal urethra, whereas duloxetine potentiated it at the distal urethra. Mirtazapine slightly inhibited NA‐induced contraction at the distal urethra. Aripiprazole and sulpiride did not affect NA‐induced contractions at the proximal nor distal urethra. Trazodone inhibited NA‐induced contraction at both urethras. Desipramine, nortriptyline, amoxapine, maprotiline, paroxetine, milnacipran, and duloxetine likely induce urinary disturbance by increasing urethral resistance and augmenting NA‐induced contraction, which should be carefully considered when delivering guidance for drug administration to patients.
Background: We aimed to find antidepressants that possessed a minimal incidence of drug-induced urinary disorders by investigating 18 clinically available antidepressants in Japan for potential inhibitory/augmentative effects on acetylcholine/adenosine triphosphate (ACh/ATP)-induced urinary bladder (UB) contractions and noradrenaline (NA)induced urethral contractions. Methods: We studied the effects of 18 antidepressants on the concentration-response curves for ACh/ATP-induced contractions in guinea pig (GP) UB strips and also for NA-induced contractions in GP urethra strips. When inhibitory or augmentative effects were significant, the experimental concentrations were compared with clinically achievable blood concentrations to check for clinical significance. Results: (1) Tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine, amitriptyline, trimipramine, clomipramine, nortriptyline, and amoxapine), maprotiline (a tetracyclic antidepressant), and mirtazapine (a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant; NaSSA) competitively inhibited ACh-induced UB contractions at clinically achievable concentration ranges. Mianserin (a tetracyclic antidepressant), paroxetine and sertraline (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs), and duloxetine (a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SNRI) also competitively inhibited ACh-induced contraction, albeit at concentrations that substantially exceeded clinically achievable blood levels. In contrast, fluvoxamine and escitalopram (SSRIs), milnacipran (an SNRI), trazodone (a serotonin 2A receptor antagonist), sulpiride (a dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist), and aripiprazole (a dopamine partial agonist) did not significantly affect ACh-induced contraction at concentrations up to 10-5 M. (2) None of the antidepressants affected ATP-induced UB contractions within clinically achievable concentration ranges. (3) Nortriptyline, amoxapine, maprotiline, paroxetine, milnacipran, and duloxetine significantly increased NA-induced contraction at 10-6 M in the distal portion of the urethra. In the proximal portion of urethra, imipramine, clomipramine, trimipramine, amitriptyline, and nortriptyline significantly suppressed NAinduced contraction at 10-6 M. Fluvoxamine, sertraline, escitalopram, mirtazapine, and sulpiride did not significantly affect NA-induced contractions in either portion of the urethra. Conclusions: These findings suggest that among the tested antidepressants, two SSRIs (fluvoxamine and escitalopram) and sulpiride have the least influence on contractile functions of the UB and urethra. Thus, these antidepressants are unlikely to lead to urinary disorders that are caused by suppression/augmentation of ACh-, ATP-, and NA-induced contractions.
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