Monitoring with BIS during the ESD procedure did not lead to a reduction in the dose of propofol required, but did lead to higher satisfaction scores from the patients and endoscopists. A complicated and prolonged endoscopic treatment such as ESD can be carried out with optimal safety, control, and comfort by using BIS to monitor propofol sedation.

The swaying and postural instability frequently seen in elderly subjects had not been analyzed quantitatively in detail until the introduction of computerized posturography. In order to assess the changes of body sway with aging, we performed computerized posturography in 144 subjects (51 men and 93 women, between the ages of 22 and 88 years) without specific neurological or metabolic disorders. The total and timed track length of the center of gravity, reflecting the distance of sway, increased with advancing age, with a highly significant positive correlation, without marked sex differences. The total area covered by the track of the center of gravity (expressing the extent of sway) also showed a similar tendency. Track density per unit area, expressing the efficiency of postural control, in contrast, decreased with age, showing a significant negative correlation with age, but only when the subjects had their eyes open; this decrease did not occur when they had their eyes closed. The Romberg ratio, an index of exacerbation of sway on eye closure, showed little change with a tendency for slight alleviation of sway and improvement in the efficiency of its control. Computerized posturography appears to be a useful tool with which to analyze the mechanism of swaying associated with old age.

Objective The effects of perilla seed oil (n-3 fatty acids) on bronchial asthma were compared with the effects of corn oil (n-6 fatty acids) in relation to the pulmonary function and the generation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and C4 (LTC4) by leucocytes.Methods and Subjects 14 asthmatic subjects were divided randomly into two groups: one group (7 subjects) consumedperilla seed oil-rich supplementation and the other group (7 subjects) consumed corn oil-rich supplementation for 4 weeks. Generation of LTsby leucocytes and respiratory function were comparedbetween the two groups.Results The generation of LTB4 and LTC4 by leucocytes tended to increase in subjects (N=7) with corn oil-rich supplementation, and decrease in subjects (N=7) with perilla seed oil-rich supplementation. Significant differences between the two groups were observed in the generation of LTB4 at 2 weeks (p<0.05) and LTC4 at 2 weeks (p<0.05) after dietary supplementation. Significant increases in the value of PEF (p<0.05), FVC (p<0.01), FEV1 0 (p<0.05) and V25 (p<0.05) were found in subjects who received perilla seed oil supplementation for 4 weeks. And significant differences in the value of FVC (p<0.05) and FEV1 0 (p<0.05) were observed between the two groups after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation.Conclusion These results suggest that perilla seed oilrich supplementation is useful for the treatment of asthma in terms of suppression of LTB4and LTC4generation by leucocytes, and improvement of pulmonary function.

Background-Low attenuation areas (LAA) on computed tomographic (CT) scans have been shown to represent emphysematous changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the significance of LAA is still controversial in patients with asthma. This study was undertaken to assess the usefulness of lung CT densitometry in the detection of airspace enlargement in association with asthma severity. Methods-Forty five asthmatic subjects and 15 non-smoking controls were studied to determine the influence of age, pulmonary function, and asthma severity on mean lung density ( Conclusions-Decreased CT lung density in non-smoking asthmatics is related to airflow limitation, hyperinflation and aging, but not with lung transfer factor. (Thorax 2001;56:851-856) Keywords: high resolution computed tomography; asthma severity; lung function; age Asthma is a disease characterised by airflow limitation that reverses spontaneously or in response to treatment.1 The nature of asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways is well recognised.2 This inflammation process leads to irreversible changes in the airway.3-5 Frequent airway and lung parenchymal changes associated with asthma are considered to be responsible for the irreversibility of airway obstruction, an outcome that is observed in many severe asthmatics. Emphysema, on the other hand, is defined pathologically as a process that results in the increase of distal airspaces with destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis. 6 The evidence for the presence of emphysema in asthmatic patients is controversial.Numerous studies have demonstrated the usefulness of computed tomographic (CT) scanning and high resolution CT (HRCT) scanning to detect and quantify pulmonary emphysema in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and a quantitative method using digital data as well as visual assessment of the scan are used to analyse the CT images. Low attenuation areas (LAA) on CT scans in vivo have been shown to represent macroscopic and/or microscopic emphysematous changes in the lungs of patients with COPD.7-12 However, one report has suggested that mean lung density (MLD) gives a good indication of hyperinflation rather than of emphysema. 20Some studies have investigated the use of CT lung densitometry in non-smoking asthmatic patients. [21][22][23][24] One study suggested that the percentage of pixels below -900 Hounsfield Units (HU) at full expiration reflects air trapping in asthmatic patients and correlates with pulmonary function. 21 Gevenois et al showed that acute expiratory airflow limitation and chronic hyperinflation did not influence the MLD or the relative area of the lungs showing attenuation values less than -950 HU (RA 950 ) in nonsmoking asthmatic patients. 22 They also found that CT lung densitometry was influenced by the total lung capacity (TLC) and age in healthy subjects. Biernacki et al observed that some patients with chronic stable asthma devel...

Recently, it was shown that both mean lung density (MLD) and the relative lung area with an attenuation of v-950 HU (RA950) are related to severity of asthma in nonsmoking asthmatics. The aim of the present study was to examine whether reduced computed tomography (CT) lung density during exacerbation could change after treatment.A cross-sectional study was performed to compare CT lung density in 30 stable asthmatics, 30 unstable asthmatics and 25 control subjects. In order to investigate longitudinally the effect of treatment on decreased CT lung density, 17 asthmatics with an exacerbation were followed at the initiation of treatment and 2 months after relief.The MLD was significantly lower and the RA950 significantly higher in unstable asthmatics than in controls and stable asthmatics. Both MLD and RA950 changed significantly with administration of systemic glucocorticoid therapy. The changes in forced expiratory volume in one second correlated significantly with those in both MLD and RA950. The changes in residual volume also correlated significantly with those in both MLD and RA950.It was concluded that decreased computed tomographic lung density during an asthma exacerbation is at least partially reversible, and changes in mean lung density and the relative lung area with a radiation attenuation of v-950 HU are related to the change in forced expiratory volume in one second and residual volume.